Observation of Myotactic and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes

Reflexes are the body's reaction something, reflexes are signals that are sent from your neurans to your brain and your brain processes the information then responds. To test if the difference between voluntary and involuntary effects the reaction time. In this lab the voluntary reaction time was the time between when the hammer hit the table and when the leg moved. The involuntary reaction time in this lab was the time between the time when the hammer hit the knee and the time where the leg moved.

Review Sheet Results 1. Describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force developed by the isolated whole skeletal muscle in this activity. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: When the stimulus frequency was at the lowest the force was at its lowest level out of all of the experiments. As the stimulus frequency was increased to 130, s/s the force increased slightly but fused tetanus developed at the higher frequency. When the stimulus frequency was increased to the amounts of 146-150 s/s, the force reached a plateau and maximal tetanic tension occurred, where no further increases in force occur from additional stimulus frequency. 2. Indicate what type of force was developed by the isolated skeletal muscle in this activity at the following stimulus frequencies: at 50 stimuli/sec, at 140 stimuli/sec, and above 146 stimuli/sec. Your answer: At 50- Unfused

The F-wave, H-reflex, and T-reflex are considered as indices of spinal motor neuron excitability. We previously studied the spinal motor neuron excitability during MI of isometric thenar muscle activity. The persistence and F/M amplitude ratio during MI of thenar muscle activity under 50% MVC was significantly increased than at rest [10]. Taniguchi et al. [11] reported that the F/M amplitude ratio after volitional relaxation for 3 hours was significantly decreased. When subjects did volitional relaxation and MI of thumb abduction simultaneously, the F/M amplitude ratio was maintained at before volitional relaxation level. This indicated that MI can increase the spinal motor neuron excitability. Whereas, Kasai et al. [9] reported that the H-reflex amplitude was not unchanged during MI of wrist flexion movement. Also, Oishi et al. [12] reported that there are various results in the H-reflex amplitude during MI in speed skater. Thus, it might be suggested that the spinal motor neuron excitability was not always increased during MI, although MI can increase the central nervous

Reflexes are a nerve responses that are not supervised by the brain but are rather designed to answer in a definite way to assure your bodies safeguard. The nerves are stimulated which relays a signal to the spinal cord and a nerve loop in the spinal cord relays a message back to cause the reflex without the engagement of the brain. Some examples of reflexes would be someone touching a hot stove while cooking and quickly jerking their hand back would be the reflex or when going to the doctor's office and they hit you on the knee and your leg kicks out would be another form of a reflex.

According to the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment and the American Acade-my of Neurology (AAN)-EFNS guidelines on TN management (Cruccu G et al., 2006) the neurophysiological recording of trigeminal reflexes represents the most useful and reliable test for the neurophysiological diagnosis of trigeminal pains. (Figure 1.1). In patients presented with pain in the trigeminal territory, trigeminal reflexes offer the clinician with useful information. Abnormalities are often discovered in divi-sions that appear clinically unaffected. An objective demonstration of dysfunction is provided in all patients with pain secondary to a docu-mented disease, such as symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia,

A reaction is a voluntary response, not to be confused with a reflex, which is an involuntary response. In this study, a simple reaction time was experimented, which is the time needed for the subject to initiate a prearranged response to one stimulus. In this study, the prearranged response is closing the hand, while the stimulus is different for each sense. For the visual response test, the stimulus is the physical stimulus in the form of light. For the auditory response test, the word 'release' or 'left and right' is the stimulus, and the touching of the shoulder is the stimulus for the tactile response test.

During this project trying to the fastest reflex for a certain age group, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results.

Reflex can defined as “an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing inward from a receptor to a nerve center and thence outward to an effector (as a muscle or gland) without reaching the level of consciousness” (Merriam-Webster) or more simply put-an reaction to an action that our bodies do to return to homeostasis without us having to think about it. Reflexes play an extremely important role in remaining healthy and protecting us from being harmed without having to take the time to think about it. For example, infants have a suck reflex that causes them to start sucking when the roof of their mouths are stimulated; this reflex is obviously important because if infants did not have this reflex, they could die of starvation since they would not be able to draw milk from their mother’s breast (this is actually a problem with premature infants as the suck reflex does not develop until between the 32nd and 36th week of pregnancy) (Stanford Children’s Health). There are two main types of reflexes- the simpler monosynaptic reflexes (or spinal reflexes) that can act without any input from the brain and the more complex superficial reflexes which still requiring some processing from the brain. A reflex consists of five main components, which as a group are called the “reflex arc.” Component one is the sensory receptor, which receives stimulus and then sends an and impulse to the second component, the afferent pathway. The

Both voluntary and involuntary responses go through neural pathways beginning with a receptor that receives a stimulus from the environment. This stimulus elicits an action potential, which carries

Reflexology is defined as a physical act of applying pressure to the feet and hand with specific thumb, hand or finger

There are five steps in a reflex arc, which allows for impulse actions to occur called reflexes. The first step is when the receptor senses a stimulant. The next step occurs when the sensory neuron transmits nerves impulses to the spinal cord from the nerve and root. The third phase is when the sensory neuron goes through a neuronal junction with an interneuron; this occurs in the spinal cord. The fourth step is when the interneuron goes through neuronal junction with a motor neuron. Then the last step is when the motor neuron impulses through the spinal nerve and root to an effector structure. In summary, the receptor senses the action, then the sensory neuron transports the stimulus near the spinal cord, then the interneuron spreads the urge

People who help truly find out what reflexes are, are the following: Rene Descartes, Thomas Willis, Ivan Sechenov, Harvey Cushing, Ernest Moro, Charles Sherrington, and Le V Vygotsky. Rene discovered the reflex arc in 1649. Thomas discovered stimulus in 1664. Ivan published the The Physiology of the Nervous System in 1866. Harvey figured out what a sensory cortex was in 1909. Earnest was the founder of Moro reflexes in 1918. Charles wrote Mammalian Physiology in 1919. Le wrote the Education Physiology in 1923 ( The Method TImeline of General

Experiments B and C were used to calculate the motor nerve conduction velocities of the Ulnar and median nerves respectively. At each stimulating site; the latency, amplitude and duration of the CMAP were measured. Latency is the time from the stimulus to the initial negative deflection from the baseline (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, 2013). Latency represents the nerve conduction time, the time delay across the neuromuscular junction and the depolarization time across the muscle

In the current study, the choroidal thickness changes at the sub-foveal and within 1500μm from the center of the fovea within the macular area were evaluated using Spectralis SD-OCT-EDI mode in eyes with different types of DME and these changes were compared with measured values from age-matched normal healthy subjects and patients with NPDR without DME. There was a highly significant thickness reduction (P < 0.001) of the subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with NPDR. Within the NPDR groups, there was a highly significant difference in the subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements with the presence of DME compared to those without DME.

There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)