Obstetric Analysis Essay

A brush biopsy is performed during the ERCP. The doctor will insert a very small brush through the endoscope into the bile duct and rub off cells to examine under a microscope. Sometimes, when a biopsy does not provide an accurate indication, a surgeon will perform an operation called a laparotomy. During this operation, the doctor will look at the organs in the abdomen and can remove tissue samples, if needed from any organ. This surgical procedure helps the doctor determine the stage or extent of the disease. This will help the doctor plan the best approach for

Currently mammography and ultrasound are basic imaging techniques for detection and localization of breast tumor. Breast Ultrasound is a typically painless medical test that uses reflected sound waves for further evaluation of a breast abnormality or a specific area seen on mammography. Ultrasound can locate and measure abnormalities or changes to determine if a breast lump is solid or filled with fluid. A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast which may find tumors that are too small to feel. Women aged 40 to 74 years should have annual screening mammograms to lower chance of dying from breast cancer(2,15).Mammograms are less likely to find breast tumors in women younger than 50 years. This may

Mammograms are breast cancer screenings and are of great importance since they detect if indeed a malignant tumor is present and if so what stage it is in (Stephan, 2010). Cancers can be detected at stages I, II, or IIA (Haas et al., 2008).

If you've had a mammogram before, the radiologist will compare your old mammogram to the new one to look for changes. While they're looking for possible cancer, your doctors may also come across other structures in the breast that deserve further investigation. Calcifications which are tiny flecks of calcium which look like grains of salt located in the soft tissue of the breast that can sometimes indicate the presence of an early breast cancer. Calcifications usually can't be felt, but they appear on a mammogram. Cystsis another mass found in the breast but unlike cancerous tumors which are solid, cysts are fluid-filled masses in the breast. Cysts are very common, and are rarely associated with cancer. Also fibroadenomas can be found these are movable, solid, rounded lumps made up of normal breast cells. While not cancerous, these lumps may grow. And any solid lump that's getting bigger is usually removed to make sure that it's not a cancer. Fibroads are commonly found in young people. {text:bookmark-start} (Breast Cancer, 2007) {text:bookmark-end} There is some much emphasis on breast cancer in woman. Men can also be diagnosed with breast cancer. It is not as common in men as women but it is possible. Male breast cancer is a rare condition, accounting for only about 1% of all breast cancers. The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 1690 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed

1. There are many types of breast exams that can be preformed: Clinical exams, self-exams at home and the most effective exam would be a mammogram.

Once the biopsy is obtained rom the surgeon, aseptic technique should be used in order to minimize any contamination of the specimen. Since the tissue being extracted form the body, time will be of an essence due to the live tissue dying as time goes on. The tumor cells will be looked at under a microscope in order to determine weather a patient has

○ If there is a growth (tumor) inside your abdomen, the surgeon may remove a piece of the growth (biopsy) to examine it under a microscope.

A sterile needle guide is attached to a movable post at the stage assembly. The biopsy instrument is then attached to the stage assembly. Everything will get locked into place and the computer will verify the coordinates to the biopsy instrument. After the patient is injected with local anesthesia, a four millimeter incision will be made into the breast tissue. After the incision, the needle will need to be pulled back until it corresponds to the correct depth that the computer gave. Next, it is time for the needle to be inserted into the breast

Physicians can perform tests on DNA, RNA and cell proteins to determine if cancer is present within the body. After an individual discovers a sign that leads them to believe that cancerous cells are present within their body, an assessment of a biopsy is the most accurate and common procedure to determine the presence and type of cancer. A biopsy is a process in which a small sample of body tissue is removed and examined by an expert. These processes of detection lead to the declaration of cancer type and viable treatment plans.

Diagnosis is the process of finding the cause of a health problem. This problem is detected through physical examination. Most of the tests to find out if you have breast cancer also show the stage of where your cancer is at. The following are a few tests done for diagnosis. Medical History test is a record of present symptoms, risk factors and medical events/problems a person has had in the past. This includes a personal history of breast disease or breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy, previous radiation therapy to the chest, and a family history of breast cancer, other cancers and symptoms that may relate to breast cancer. A Physical examination a doctor will do the Clinical breast examination test (CBE) to check the breast and lymph

One way of diagnoses for breast cancer is a mammogram. A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breast. But the diagnostic mammogram

Testing of breast tissue through biopsy is usually done prior to any major surgery. These may include Stereotactic biopsy which is the removal of tissue from the breast through a hollow needle, Core Needle biopsy also uses a hollow needle but removes tissue from a suspicious area within the breast. If these areas have concerns of possible DCIS then one will be referred to a surgeon for a lumpectomy. After these biopsy have been performed it will determine whether cells in the body or abnormal and how aggressive they appear.

That means it is cut out, rather than scraped, burned, or frozen off. The removal is generally done on an outpatient basis under a local anesthetic. It’s important to have the surgery done by a board-certified specialist. Professionals less experienced with the procedure may remove only the surface lesion and inadvertently leave the internal growth untouched. The malignancy then has the opportunity to invade the rest of your body unobserved until too late.

With the advancement of medicine, diagnosing breast cancer is much easier now than it was before. Mammograms are a very common way of diagnosing breast cancer. A mammogram takes x-rays of the breasts and checks for any abnormalities in the breast. A breast ultrasound is also another way of diagnosing breast cancer. “Ultrasounds use sound waves to produce images of structures deep within the body”.(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education .) The only way to be sure that a patient 's lump is cancerous or not, is by performing a biopsy. During the procedure doctors take cells from the affected area and test them to see if they are cancerous. The biopsy also determines the aggressiveness of the cancer, and what type of treatment would be the best for the patient 's type of cancer. Not all patients can receive the same form of treatment.

Mammograms are probably the most important tool doctors have in diagnosing breast cancer. Although they do not prevent one from acquiring breast cancer, it does help diagnosing as early as possible. “Mammography has a false-negative (missed cancer) rate of at least 10 percent (Wikipedia)”. Mammograms rarely miss cancerous cells. That of which they do miss is because of the density in the breast. A false negative is more common among younger women due to the fact that younger woman have more density in their breasts. There are four different categories found by mammograms: 1. easily treated cancers. 2. aggressive cancers that are detected too late. 3. slow-growing cancers that ultimately will not harm or kill a patient before natural causes do, and 4. a small number of cancers who treatment outcome is better because of early detection. Mammograms will help to find all kinds of cancers that are undetectable by self-examinations.