Obstructive Sleep Apnea And Hypertension

OSA is characterized by repeated episodes of either partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep due to excessive relaxation of airway musculature, which leads to cessation

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major health problem, as more than 22 million adults in the U.S suffer from OSA.1 The prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in older adults aged 65 and over is twice as high as that in middle-aged adults.2 Unfortunately, estimates suggest that 85% of individuals with moderate to severe OSA remain undiagnosed.3 Individuals with untreated moderate to severe OSA are at a greater risk for depression (DEP), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia compared to individuals with no OSA. In OSA, repetitive intracranial blood flow surges during apneic episodes cause disturbances in microvascular functions, resulting in hypoperfusion4-6 and poor cerebral vasomotor reactivity.7-9 Hypoxemia promotes the development of cerebral small vessel disease (C-SVD).10-13 Repeated rapid alternations between hypoxia and reoxygenation cause oxidative stress,14,15 which alters blood-brain barrier functions and leads to the formation of C-SVD.16-18 The consequences of C-SVD are 1) disruption of neuronal activity in regions involved in the regulation of mood and cognition 11,19,20 and 2) reduction of prefrontal and frontal lobe vascular perfusion,10,21-23 which causes neuronal metabolic deficiencies that may lead to synaptic loss and neuronal damage.24,25 The progression of C-SVD is now known to be associated with new-onset depression,26 MCI,27,28 and an increased risk for dementia.27,29,30 Based on this supporting evidence, we hypothesize that C-SVD may mediate

Psychology is an immense, widely varied, and diverse field of study. Over the years, the field of psychology has grown, and so have the vast topics the field examines and studies. A few major perspectives of psychology are psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological (Cherry, 2016). Of these areas, OSA can fit under the biological perspective. Obstructive Sleep Apnea suitably relates to this category since it is largely a result of our biological, or physical, makeup.

The two most common causes of sleep disorder is central and obstructive sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea is when our breathing is interrupted throughout the night because your brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs with blocked airways and your struggle to breathe triggers coughing or snoring – in actuality your body is grasping for air.

The intention of this paper is to describe the epidemiology and risk factors of the most common respiratory sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to examine the link between OSA and the array of negative health issues, concentrating on the cardiovascular evidence.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep–breathing disorder characterized by momentary episodes of either complete breathing cessation for periods of ten seconds or more (apnea) or significant reductions in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) caused by a collapsed or obstructed airway; these two conditions can lead to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in blood) and hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in blood). Patients are categorized as having mild, moderate or severe OSA depending on the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), which is defined as the total numbers of apnea/hypopnea episodes per hour of sleep. In normal individuals the index is usually 5 or lower, 5-15 in mild, 15-30 in moderate and 30 or more in severe OSA patients (1, 2). In patients with mild OSA the oxyhemoglobin saturation drops to 95% and can drop below 80% in severe cases. Obstruction of the airways results in greater breathing effort and fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure, resulting in arousal, sleep interruption and reopening of the airway (3).

Obstructive sleep apnea is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. It is characterized by repeated cessation of breathing while sleeping, due mostly to complete or partial pharyngeal obstruction. Objectively, it is recognized by a combination of symptoms and laboratory results. These include repetitive apneas and hypopneas, which are accompanied by hypoxia, sleep arousals, and hemodynamic changes.9–12 Moreover, activation of the sympathetic nervous system during respiratory events potentiates vasoconstriction and often triggers increases in blood pressure and heart rate.10,13 Obstructive sleep apnea is also associated with several cardiorespiratory problems (e.g., loud snoring, loud gasps, and daytime breathlessness).14,15

Sleep Apnea, by Davis, Andrew S, explains the breathing cessations during sleep. Sleep Apnea reduces the amount of oxygen flowing to the brain which causes brain issues. People with sleep apnea usually wake up at night because of the shortness of breathing, then resume back to sleep after adjusting their breathing. Davis states that due to sleep apnea, a few individual has sleeping issues such as snoring, headaches or even find it hard to fall asleep. Sleep apnea is also existed in children (from 0.5% to 3% of the population) which cause them often be crying at night and tired in the next morning. In his writing, Davis states that there are six characteristics of sleep apnea. The most noticeable characteristic is the common nighttime symptoms

According to the aforementioned Cleveland Clinic article people with OSA are at increased risk of nocturnal sudden cardiac death. Sleep apnea is also associated with an increased overall death rate, and the higher the apnea-hypopnea index, the higher the death rate, even after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and underlying cardiovascular risk, with findings most pronounced in men under age

Sleep apnea is becoming increasingly more concerning for the association this sleep disorder poses to the psychological effects on people. Sleep deprivation is only one example of the effects caused by this medical condition which could be related to increased anxiety and depression. Millions of Americans suffer from sleep apnea without even realizing the sleep disorder is creating a problem. There has been significant progress in identifying sleep apnea, especially obstructive sleep apnea, and creating successful methods to help individuals more easily live with it. The thought of losing breath while sleeping without knowing this is occurring can intimidate an individual and his or her family.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) describes the situation when the patients are pauses in breathing or infrequent breathing during sleep and is usually associated with reduction in blood oxygen saturation. In recent decades, sleep quality has decreased significantly. Large segments of population suffer at least occasionally from sleep disorders such as, difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, disturbing sleep patterns. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder, also known as sleep apnea-hypopnea. It is recognized as an important cause of medical morbidity and motility, and it's associated with a wide range of significant medical squeal, including metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease and arterial hypertension. Smoking is a significant

Sleep apnea is a subtle yet extremely dangerous condition that can cause many issues. It is a condition where the patient ceases breathing for periods of time during sleep (American Sleep Apnea Association). It is caused mainly by blockage of the larynx by overgrown tissue. Sleep apnea makes it difficult to enter deeper stages of sleep which in turn causes many issues. “Left untreated, sleep apnea can have serious and life-shortening consequences: high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, automobile accidents caused by falling asleep at the wheel, diabetes, depression, and other ailments (American Sleep Apnea Association).” Sleep apnea can cause truly life threatening and shortening issues. Sleep apnea is difficult to diagnose. The disorder

As a result of this, the brain do not receives required amount of oxygen and the person often feels dizzy or sleepy when he wakes up in the morning. Though it is not a serious disorder but yes it definitely required attention and some cure so as to have a normal sleep at night i.e. a very much sound sleep and fresh mornings. We decided to visit our family doctor to further investigate the condition when he explained us that such disorder is very common in the males of age-group 25-50 years specially overweight males. He advised us to buy Armodafinil online to treat Obstructive sleep Apnea.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder where the patient suffers from a disturbed airflow during sleep due to partial or complete closure of the upper airway. Little is known about the flow pattern in the pharynx and its effects on OSA1. Phase-Contrast-MRI (PC-MRI) is an established technique to visualize and quantify fluid flow. PC-MRI has been previously used to study flow patterns in stenotic phantom2, hence it is used here to investigate flow patterns in the pharynx to understand OSA.

Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the standard treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); a sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) characterized by episodic complete or partial upper airway occlusion during sleep.1 Over the past years, the relationship between SRBD and cardiac arrhythmias have been thoroughly investigated.2-7 Previous studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) predisposes to clinically significant nocturnal impairment of the cardiac autonomic function and such impairment correlated with the severity of OSAS.8-11 The respiratory event-related cyclic hypoxemia and arousal characteristic of OSA causes dysregulation in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the form of enhanced sympathetic activity, such impairment is thought to be the substrate