Ocean Stratification

The oceans need to be protected because it is where life began and if not taken care of, life as we know it will end. The well-being of the ocean is constantly being threatened and needs to stop. When dangerous substances go into the ocean, ecosystems suffer and become endangered along with the lives of people and marine life. The importance of protecting and preserving the quality and biodiversity of the world 's coasts must be recognized because they are truly irreplaceable. If humans are not educated , and become careless about what is thrown on the ground or sprayed on lawns, disastrous effects follow when it comes to the condition of the ocean’s ecosystems, which can endanger life itself, leading to a problem only we can correct. There is historical evidence of ocean pollution, although the problem still shadows us today.

Over the years, climate change has affected marine species because it has increased the ocean temperature, causing it to get warmer, which is causing a negative impact to most marine organisms like echinoderms and cnidarians (Quinn, 2016). In many cases, the optimum temperature of growth increased 1-6°C, which created harmful effects on stages of development (Quinn, 2016). In some cases such as the American lobster (Homarus americanus), warming of the ocean had caused smaller body sizes (Le Bris et al., 2016). Even though there is some research that showed that the warm temperature could also benefit the lobster’s population, most of their population has declined in the warmest and southernmost regions of the lobster’s range in places like southern New England and Long Island Sound (Quinn, 2016).

Oceans become regulated while trying to benefit future generations. These efforts are not enough with the amount of brine being produced. Because of the brine, the ocean’s ecosystem are having future consequences (Koontz and Hatfield). The ocean is already seen as some as a waste pool, having the brine add on to it only makes it worse. The carbon dioxide levels in the ocean are another terribly high level. The ocean is prone to acidification from the amounts of carbon dioxide going into it at an alarming rate (Koontz and Hatfield). There are countless impacts that are not okay from

Humans, in many ways, ruin the oceans. Pollution, oil spills, and many more terrible mistakes turn the ocean into a ‘sewer’. But, as many ways there are to destroy the ocean, there are many ways to renew it. There is still hope for our oceans and the creatures that live in them.

(2)The author points out many ways in which iron impacts life. Identify/describe at least five. 1. Hemoglobin to carry oxygen 2. oceans "seeded" with iron can hold more oxygen producing organisms. 3. Parasites feed on human iron. 4. Cancer cells thrive on human iron 5. High levels of iron can counter-act the effects of antibiotics, by feeding the bacteria to the point that they can live despite the antibiotics

Ocean level is rising speedier in a few spots than others as a result of wind examples, sea streams, and different components. Furthermore, ocean level may appear as though it's changing more in specific spots than others in light of the fact that the land itself might rise or sinking.

Sometimes called “climate change’s equivalently destructive twin”, ocean acidification is becoming more and more noticeable as the seawater’s changing chemistry begins to cause environmental and economical problems. When the Industrial Revolution began around 1760, fossil fuel–powered machines gained an immense amount of accessibility and popularity. Since then, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have risen enough to change the pH of the world’s oceans. Given that the ocean absorbs almost half of the CO2 that is released into our atmosphere, ocean acidification is inclining into an even greater problem as fossil fuels become a more common energy source in our society. Higher acid levels can harm wildlife, disrupt the food chain, and negatively impact industries that rely on the ocean for business. Ocean acidification is causing growing dilemmas for both marine ecosystems and ocean-based economies. Although many companies and organizations are attempting to fix this problem, acidification is still threatening to cause increasingly harmful issues for the future.

The research provided me with very useful insights. Deep Ecology, by the way, is a movement developed by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess in early 1970s where humans are not apart from nature, we are inside and our acts have consequences in the environment. My assignment can be reached through the following link. Therefore, geoengineering our oceans would have strong relevance for carbon dioxide capture. Nonetheless, it is not a real solution to our fossil fuels dependence which is the real factor of this peak of 400 ppm (particles per million) that are in the

In Schnoor’s Article, the Environmental Science & Technology Journal urges scientists and other peer-reviewed articles to publish their findings about mitigating ocean acidification. Schnoor believes that we are heading in the right direction with new tech adoptions like low-flow toilets and energy efficient systems, but he also believes we have a long way to go. He states that we need to do more to prevent further ocean acidification and devastating effects it

The production of carbon dioxide and other types of toxic molecules are affecting aquatic environments by altering the acid constant conditions. This is were geoengineering comes handi. If we can reduce the amount of fossil fuel emmited to the atmosphere, it will boost biodiversiry, by stabilizing the pH of oceans.

Today, about 70% of the earth is covered with water, and that is because of the evolution of the ocean system. Before that happened however, our solar system was created. One of the persisting theories when it comes to the creation of our solar system is the Big Bang Theory. This theory basically states that “12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit” (“Universe”). From that ‘big bang’, we progressed to supercontinents, the most recent being Pangea 300 million years ago, and lastly, to the seven continents we see today, thanks to the Wilson cycle.

Since the dawn of time, the existence and condition of the Earth’s oceans have been a major continuity throughout history. All seven seas serve as an extensive home to an estimated one million discovered species who rely on the ocean’s ecosystem to survive. As time progressed and the human race evolved, so did technology and industrialization. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, industrial revolutions took place all over the planet, spreading new technology and ethics all throughout the world. Even though the rapid increase in mechanics and machinery seemed to be beneficial for humans, they were unaware of the repercussions industrialization had on the well-being of the oceans. New problems arose along with the amount of industrial activity. As factories began to become powered by coal rather than by water from nearby rivers, puffs of smoke rose into the air, leading to pollution. Mass production of goods caused an a plethora of excess product, leading to litter and waste being disposed into the ocean. Also, technologically advanced boats emerged with new untraditional methods of fishing that allowed fishermen to capture hundreds of fish at a time. Overall, major issues have arisen in the ocean due to human activity. The ocean is a crucial source of life for an abundance of life forms, however, factors such as global warming, pollution and overfishing are major contributors to habitat destruction and extinction of wildlife in marine environments.

Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved continents. The theory of plate tectonics is what brings together continental drift and seafloor spreading. Plates are made of lithosphere topped with oceanic and/or continental crust. The plates are moved around on Earth's surface by seafloor spreading. convection in the mantle drives seafloor spreading. Oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges. The crust moves outward from the ridge over time. The crust may eventually sink into the mantle and be

Without the regulation of carbon dioxide the excess CO2 that is emitted by civilians and companies, disrupts mother nature’s carbon cycle. The carbon cycle, in simple words, is the process in which carbon and CO2 is recycled through earth’s environment, so it is no surprise that we pollute the ocean as much as we pollute the sky because they are both part of the environment we live on. Global Warming has enormous effects on the ocean, up to 30-40% of the carbon dioxide we release into the atmosphere gets dissolved into oceans, rivers, and lakes (Millero, Frank J. (1995)). The new intake of CO2 into the bodies of water reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, which starts a process called ocean

Over 70% of the Earth as we know it, is made up of five oceans ranging in depth from 12,000 feet all the way to the deepest trenches at 36,000 feet. Being so vast, there is a lot that we do not know about the world’s oceans, or how the species that live in it came to be. Our oceans provide some of the most extreme living conditions that a species can encounter in its life. But surprisingly, several species can survive and thrive in these extreme environments due to adaptations throughout the decades that have allowed them stay in these places without having to relocate as a whole. Some of these harsh conditions include; extreme amounts of pressure (deep sea), extreme darkness (deep sea and caves), increasing water temperatures, and extreme alkaline environments with pH’s ranging from 8.4-10. Knowing what we know about fish species, most fish can only successfully survive in a very controlled temperature range, and can only see up to a certain depth. But with some species, they have been able to adapt to these different extremes and are currently living in them with little to no struggle.