October Synthesis Lab Report

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to use the apparatus shown in figure 7-1 of experiment 6 found in the lab manual, to synthesize [1,3,5-C6H3(CH3)3]Mo(CO)3.(2016 Oleg) With this, characterization of the molecule can be accomplished using the infrared spectrum and NMR spectrum of the synthesized compound. It was found in the IR spectra of the product, that suitable stretches were found associated with the C-O bonds of mestylene and molybdenum. With One strong spectra was found at 1855.3973 cm-1 , one medium strength spectra was found at 1942.6002 cm-1 , and one weak spectra of C-O stretch was found at 1298.8638cm-1 . The 1H NMR spectrum of the product showed peaks at δ 2.28 and 5.25, while the H NMR spectrum of mesitylene gave peaks at δ

The underlying principles of the imine synthesis reactions include isomerization, pH values, and the importance of acids as catalysts. Imine formation begins with either an alkene or aldehyde that then produces alkenes isomers.7 Imine formation generally produces a mixture of products with E or Z conformation. This conformation is more commonly denoted as cis or trans. The trans product, or E, forms when the highest priority groups are on opposite sides of the alkene double bond, which is the more stable of the two conformations due to a lack of steric interaction wherein the molecules are more separated allowing for free rotation about the double bond. In contrast, the cis, or Z, alkene occurs when the highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond, but the energy is not evenly distribution in the molecule,

The two essays that I choose for the synthesis essay are Parkinson’s Alley by Joy Horowitz and The Environmental Issue from Hell: Global Warming Is the Great Moral Crisis of Our Time by Bill Mckibben. Parkinson’s Alley is about residents in California’s Central Valley town of Visalia who have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s. This part of California has the highest number of people diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease. The pesticides that are used in the surrounding farms seeps into the water that the residents use every day, causing them to get the disease. The Environmental Issue from Hell: Global Warming Is the Great Moral Crisis of Our Time is about how global warming is a moral crisis that, if not combated

This lab could have contained errors. The errors could have happened when performing the lab. Some of the possible errors in this lab are:

In this laboratory experiment a synthesis was performed through several separate steps. The purpose of the experiment was to synthesize tetraphenylcyclopentadienone from benzaldehyde and to run reactions on carbonyl containing compounds. There was a total of three steps that led up to the synthesis of the final product, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the experiment was the condensation of benzaldehyde to yield benzoin. Thiamine catalyst along with water and ethanol were added to the benzaldehyde, then NaOH was added until the solution turned yellow. After recrystallization, the product was benzoin. Step two was the oxidation of benzoin to benzil.

This source is an online encyclopedia article that I found about yeoman, a crucial part of my Synthesis project. “You are a yeoman archer with a longbow. Write a letter home extolling the virtues of your weapon and formulating a tall tale.” This was the exact reading of the project that I was assigned, but there was a small problem, what is a yeoman? At first, I read the instructions so that the word was Yemen archers. I thought that they were just mercenaries fighting for the English. On closer inspection, I realized that the instructions in fact said yeoman, which led me to try and find out what a yeoman was. Encyclopedia Britannica defines yeoman as, “In English history, a class intermediate between the gentry and the labourers; a yeoman

First, the solutions and LabQuest was prepped for the experiment. Using graduated cylinders, 100mL of 6M HCl was added to 200mL of deionized water in a 600mL beaker and was stirred to make 300mL of 2M HCl solution. Another solution of 150mL of 2M NaOH was made when 100mL of 3M NaOH was added to 50mL of deionized water in a 400mL beaker and then stirred. LabQuest was plugged into the power outlet, turned on, and attached with a temperature probe into channel 1. Settings for LabQuest were completed when “sensors” then “Data collection” was selected in “Sensor view”, the Mode box was defaulted to “Time based” data collection, “15”s/sample was set in the Interval box, Duration was set to “180s”, and “OK” was clicked to save these settings.

“The kingdom of heaven is within the mind of a person, not within the collective mindlessness of a crowd.” In the articles, “The Only True God and Jesus Christ Whom He Hath Sent”, by Jeffery R. Holland and “Propaganda under a dictatorship”, by Aldous Huxley are two totally different topics. This paper will be a breaking down of the two articles and finding the similarities between the two of them. It will be interesting, but nothing is impossible. The two topics are Hitler wanting so much power and control over the people and the Trinity and how other religions do not think we are Christians because we do not believe in the Trinity; I will be breaking down how God, Jesus Christ, and Hitler all want power, but in different

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the static electricity of an object by using a simplified version of an electroscope, which will measure the amount of electricity within a object, such as a glass rod, wool and an ebonite rod. Comparing both charges of induction and conduction charges will indicate the charge of an object.

Mercury belonging of six chemist elements which the most poisonous among the six million substations in nature 1. This compound was very poisonous for biologis system 1-2. The contamination of mercury could be decreased by bioremediation method, because this method proved more efficient and economic than the physical or chemical ways 3-4. Organisms respond to heavy metal stress using different defense system, such as exclusion, compartmentalization, formation of complexes and synthesis of binding proteins like metallothioneins 5. Bacteria use the intracellular mechanism for mercury detoxification process, by reducing the Hg2+ to non toxic Hg0, by a group of mercury reductase enzyme that incorporated in the mer operon. Hg0 formed then diffuses out of the cells 6. Mer operon structure is varied, consisting of genes that encode functional proteins for regulation (merR), transportation (MerT, merP and or merC, merF) and for reduction (merA). In species with broad-spectrum resistance, merB genes, these genes required for resistance to organomerkuri compounds, such as methylmercury and phenilmerkuri, by hydrolysis of the C-Hg bond before reducing Hg2+. Additional genes are located in the downstream (downstream) of the gene in the operon merA. MerB gene is rarely found in Gram-negative bacteria 7-8.

As seen from the given figure, the paper discovered that a single promoter (pFLS2) differentially drove gene expression in response to different stimuli using transcription fusion of pFLS2 with GUS. Specifically, they discovered that in the control treatment, pFLS2 was solely visible in root late elongation. While incubation with flg22 led to an increase Pfls2 activity in the root tip extending to the cortical cells, salylic acid (SA) showed strong blue staining in the vasculature, next H2O2 or the ethylene precursor ACC provoked an almost identical promoter activity in the root cap, root meristem and root epidermal cells, also finding pFLS2 is auxin responsive. Revealing that flg22, SA, H2O2 and ethylene all induce the expression of activity of the pFLS2 but the responses are specific to different tissue layers in the root. Overall proving evidence that a single promoter can drive expression to different tissues because of cis-regulatory elements, presenting observations showing that FLS2 is subject to positive regulation between receptor

2- Synthesis of thiolated triethyl chitosan (TEC-Cys) 2-1 synthesis of quaternized ammonium of chitosan (TEC) Triethyl chitosan (TEC) was synthesized as previously described byAvadi et al. [8, 15]with minor modification. Briefly,2 g of chitosan was dispersed in 50 ml of NMP at room temperature while being stirred magnetically. Then in a reflux condition 15 mL ethyl iodide was added stepwise every 1 h. Sodium hydroxide and sodium iodide were not applied in this process in order to decrease O- methylation of chitosan.

The iScript reverse transcription supermix kit for RT-qPCR (Bio-Rad) was used for cDNA synthesis. Master mix was prepared on ice by adding 4 µl 5x RT supermix (iScript RNase H+ MMLV reverse transcriptase, RNase inhibitor, dNTPs, oligo(dT), random primers, buffer, MgCl2, and stabilizers) and 8 µl nuclease-free water for a single reaction. RNA sample was vortexed and 8 µl was added to each PCR tube. Master mix was thoroughly mixed and 16 µl of master mix was added to each PCR tube. PCR tubes containing 20 µl reaction mix were placed in a thermal cycler and reaction protocol was set as follows: Priming for 5 minutes at 25oC, reverse transcription for 30 minutes at 42oC, reverse transcriptase for 5 minutes at 85oC, and hold for a ∞ time at 4oC.

Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D takes place in two steps. In first step the ultraviolet (UV-B) spectrum (wave length 290-360 nm) impinges on human skin and facilitates the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol present in the plasma membrane of the cells in upper skin layers, mainly in the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum to pro vitamin D3. UV light B breaks the B ring of 7-dehydrocholesterol to form a pre D isomer26-27. In second step the Pro vitamin D3 which is inherently unstable rapidly isomerizes to D3 in a thermo sensitive but non catalytic process. With continued exposure of UV-B, Pro- D3 is converted to biologically inactive lumisterol . Tachysterol is also formed but like pro-D3 it does not accumulate with extended UV radiations24,28. The formation of lumisterol and tachysterol is reversible and can be converted back to pre-D3 as pre-D3 levels fall. Thus prolonged

As we are trying to determine how FLS2 is regulated without the influence of WRKY transcription factors, we want to prevent the WRKY transcription factors from recognizing and binding to the promoter. Therefore, we mutate the W-box promoter motif. Both forward sequences (+) have a point mutation at the second position, so when transcription factors are trying bind, they would not recognize the mutated sequence thus not binding. In addition, the third sequence (-) is a reverse transcript and it is complementary to the second (+) strand.