Ocular Toxoplasmosis

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome denotes a spectrum of conditions that are caused by the HIV virus. Infection with this disease does not result in the instant occurrence of the related signs and symptoms. However, an individual is likely to experience flu-like symptoms after he or she is infected with it. Eventually, the person experiences a prolonged period of apparent health with no visible signs. On progression, the infection adversely interferes with the immune system of the individual. The weakening of the body’s defense system increases the risk of recurrence of common infections and opportunistic illnesses that

L.H. report no concurrent or severe headaches; There was no head trauma, syncope or vertigo. Patient wears corrective lens with no difficulty of vision or diplopia; absent of inflammation, discharge or lesion. Last eye exam was in September of 2016 with no history of glaucoma, cataracts. L.H. denies having any frequent colds, sinusitis, epistaxis and trauma. Patient reports having obstruction stating, “it happens when I am lying down” with an occasional postnasal drip.

Nature never ceases to amaze. Who would have thought that such a small and insignificant single celled organism can do so much? Who would have thought that this organism can affect our precious brains in a way that we can hardly detect? We previously thought that our brains cannot be controlled by anyone. T. Gondii took that assumption and blew it to pieces. T. Gondii is able to trick our bodies and our brains into doing what is best for it to survive. Toxoplasma Gondii is manipulating the behavior of people in Kuwait.

As have been described above, HIV can have a potential effect on immunological cells, which are important to protect the body from additional infections such as Tuberculosis (TB), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other viral or bacterial infections. An effective treatment is needed to reconstruct what HIV has damaged. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a common treatment to stop the viral replication and decrease the disease progression, which may lead to a vast decline of the morbidity and mortality. The standard treatment involves a combination of at least three drugs; often known as a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) where the most common types are Nucleoside reverse transcriptase

Plan of Care: No laboratory work ordered at this time. Patient prescribed Tobramycin ophthalmic ointment 1/4 to 1/2 inch ribbon to lower conjunctiva every four hours while awake (Medscape, 2014). Patient instructed to keep eye clean using a dilute baby shampoo solution twice daily. The patient is instructed to seek immediate medical intervention for visual changes, fever greater than 100.0, or increasing ocular pain. Return for follow-up appointment in two days (Goolsby & Grubs, 2011). Continue current medication regime as previously prescribed.

What are the most common treatments for the condition? How long have these treatments been in use? Are they newer advances or older

This is an up dated review of the disease, manifestations, and potential treatment options available.

• An injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles that control the movement of the eyelids. The injection blocks signals between the nerves and muscles. This treatment may need to be repeated every few months.

treatments: Medicines (creams), Medicines that you take by mouth, A treatment using ultraviolet A (UVA) light (PUVA) and extracting the infected area surgically.

Medicines may be prescribed that are safe for a mother and her unborn baby. The medicine can help reduce symptoms or prevent another outbreak of the infection. If the infection happened before you became pregnant, medicine may be prescribed in the last 4 weeks of the pregnancy. This can help prevent a breakout of the infection at the time of delivery.

Medicines are available for the treatment of herpes keratitis. The medicines used will depend on how much of the eye is involved. It may also depend on whether there is live virus still in the

Clinical manifestations include fever, myalgia, rash, papules, macules that lead to sloughing and eventually necrosis, the skin can look like a scalding burn, mucosititis, and respiratory distress from interstitial edema, gastrointestinal issues ranging from diarrhea to ulceration and bleeding, ocular issues such as conjunctivitis to inflammation, photophobia up to and including loss of vision (Cooper, 2012). Any body system that has epithelial tissue can be subsequently affected. The further the condition progresses the higher the degree of mortality. Being alert to the possibility of the condition and trying to get as much information from the patient regarding medication usage, to include over the counter and herbal is vital because time is critical factor (Cooper, 2012). Misdiagnosis

If tuberculosis or a fungal infection is the underlying condition, treatment involves long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medications

Treatment for corneal ulcers and infections depends on the origin. Treatment should be started as soon as possible as to prevent cornea scarring. If the exact cause is not identified, treatment may be given by antibiotic drops that are exerted against several types of bacteria. If the cause is known, antibiotic drops can treat bacteria, herpes, virus or fungus. Extremely severe ulcers can necessitate a corneal transplant. Corticosteroid eye drops may be used to diminish swelling and inflammation in specific situations involving corneal ulcers.

HIV becomes drug resistance when the ARV treatments’ are not adhered to. Once the patient has taken their antiretroviral (ARVs) medication then stops the HIV is able to replicate and will do so at a rapid rate. As a result mutations are very common (Jen Gorgan and Ruth Suter;2009)