A Critical Commentary of Homi Bhabha’s ‘Of Mimicry and Man: The ambivalence of Colonial discourse’ Homi Bhabha explains the weaknesses of colonial discourse by suggesting that the techniques which ‘broadcast the dominance and impenetrability’ (Kumar-Das 1992:362) of the subject causes its weaknesses to arise. Bhabha makes a psychoanalytic analysis based on the work of Jacques Lacan and Frantz Fanon, among several authors. His definition of colonial mimicry takes the form of discussing the issues within colonial discourse whilst reflecting on his own personal views of the matter. In this way, he discloses the contradictions within colonial discourse which show the colonizers ambivalence from his position through the colonized …show more content…
‘He told them about this new God’ (Achebe, 2010, p. 136) in the novel, the community are subjected to the religion of Christianity through the rule of the colonizers. Bhabha compares his own work with that of other theorists such as Lacan, which acts as a good source of evaluation for his work. This gives Bhabha’s argument historical validity. Also, he suggests how his work is similar to others such as that of Fanon and supports his theory by using quotes from them. Furthermore, the work of Cesaire is mentioned for analysis and to support his argument. However, Bhabha does not fully answer the argument discussed in his work for example, what does the tool of mimicry used by this power achieve? He does not identify this question. One of the obvious issues with his work is the analysis of colonial identity, which emerges from the difficult relationship between the colonizer and the colonized. This relationship forms an aggressive and neurotic condition that takes place completely outside of the civilizing aspirations of colonial rule, Christian missionaries and philanthropic societies. Particularly, he studies the identity between the two subjects and concentrates on the ambivalence created which he mentions persistently throughout his work. His critical work comes from the theory of psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud 1899), who used the term of ambivalence to
In The Colonizer and the Colonized, Albert Memmi presents his arguments on the benefits and problems of assimilation of the colonized. According to Memmi, bilingualism of the colonized is a benefit and a problem for the colonized. In addition, he illustrates how self-rejection, self-hate, and shame are problems of assimilation by the colonized. After providing evidence of Memmi’s arguments, I will analyze whether the arguments he provides on the answer of assimilation in his book still hold up in modern society. Although Memmi provides pros and cons to assimilation being the answer to colonization, there really is no benefit if it means that suffering is the root cause of one choosing to assimilate to the oppressors.
The book’s first chapter, “The Meaning of Slave Religion”, explores how the conversion of African slaves in the British colonies of North America to Christianity became an
In Bartolome De Las Casas’s ‘A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies’,De Las Casas brazenly criticizes the persecution of the inhabitants of the Americas by the Spanish colonizers- and makes it clear what he believes are the motivations behind their actions. De Las Casas effectively molds his language to provoke compassion towards the natives while establishing a feeling of animosity toward the colonizers. Making sure to not go as far as to alienate the king, he never argues for equal rights for the natives, but instead uses his positon as a priest to advocate for the saving of the natives lives to convert them to Christianity, and then uses this rationale to persuade the king to intervene.
Colonialism is the action of taking away a country’s people, political and economical power. In Jamaica Kincaid’s essay “On Seeing England for the First Time”, she uses numbers of rhetorical strategies to show her bitterness towards England, whose oppressive, pervasive influence took over her country’s identity, culture, and minds of nature. Kincaid uses repetition, symbols, and her tone to convey her attitude towards England.
In The Colonizer and the Colonized, Albert Memmi’s essential argument is that the collapse of colonialism is inevitable. According to Memmi, there are only two answers for the colonized to disrupt the system of oppression. The two possible “solutions” are assimilation and revolt. In response to the marginalization of the colonized, both answers carry a high price. In Memmi’s eyes, neither will work in the end. The first of two answers on the road to collapsing colonization is assimilation. Imitation and compromise are not the answer to decolonizing, for neither the colonized nor the colonizer.
Soon after the missionaries began to teach the tribal people about the Christian faith, their tribal customs began to be questioned. This caused a sense of unrest in the village. The missionaries were trying to bring with them new ways of life, and mostly better ways of life. Mr.Achebe tries to show us that the missionaries showed people who were hurt by
An important aspect of Todorov's thesis is his well-supported claim that it was precisely the claim to European racial superiority that Christianity strongly reinforced and provided justification for the actions of the Spanish, even in its most severe manifestation. In fact, Todorov invokes the unimaginably horrible image of Catholic priests bashing Indian baby's heads against rocks, allegedly to save them from damnation to hell, which their "savage" culture would have otherwise consigned them to. The logic of this deed and others like them illustrates the destructive influence of Christianity in the Colonial project, which lies at the root of the hegemonic self-image of Western experience--first defined from the perspective of Columbus and Cortes.
The Effect of White Missionaries on an African Tribe in Things Fall Apart by Achebe
The Background essay states, “What they felt they gave to Africans was the Christian religion, a “superior” form of government, and what they considered a more developed
In the African heritage they see the whole universe as scared, they also had many gods and different cults. Upon their arrival in to America in the early day’s ‘negroes’ were immediately stripped form their social heritage (Frazier,1964). They were now considered property of the whites and forced to be baptized in to Christianity, the white’s
“We cannot be held responsible that in this war psychiatric phenomena entailing disorders affecting behavior and thought have taken on importance where those who carry out the “pacification” are concerned, or that these same disorders are notable among the “pacified” population. The truth is that colonialism in its essence was already taking on the aspect of a fertile purveyor for psychiatric hospitals.” – claims Fanon. He highlights that people on the both sides (both the colonizers and the colonized) suffer from the situation, so, reasons Fanon, the problem is rooted in the situation but not in people. When you see many people with psychological and psychosomatic problems from both sides, you start noticing the pattern. After observing it for a while, you conclude that these people are victims of the colonial
In the precolonial era, an individual’s identity was deeply rooted in their religious beliefs, if not a direct product thereof. For example, the Native Americans, though separate and distinct, generally viewed their entire world as sacred and significant and thus treated it as such (Goff & Harvey, 2004, p. 7). Conversely, precolonial Europeans saw sanctity much more limitedly than the Native Americans and, with the official religion being Christianity, were heavily reliant on an institutionalized church and its clergy to attain deliverance (Goff & Harvey, 2004, p. 9). Like the Native Americans, many West African tribes, which would soon be subjugated to the American slave trade, had commonalities amid their various religious beliefs, mainly, that there was one supreme god and many secondary gods. This theistic belief necessitated the worship of many deities in attempt to gain favor (Goff & Harvey, 2004, p. 8). Though these precolonial people varied greatly, their identities were all deeply embedded in their respective religions.
Some would say that Christopher Columbus was a devout Christian. He believed that "his was a mission that would put Christian civilization on the offensive after centuries of Muslim ascendancy" (Dor-Ner 45). Columbus' original mission was to find a western route to the Indies. But when that failed, his mission became clear: convert these new people to Christianity. Throughout this paper I will show the view of the natives by Columbus and Christendom and how these views changed over a span of fifty years.
In “Things Fall Apart” Achebe talks about two different religions and beliefs. The Igbo society believe in many gods which some of their gods are focused on nature. They worship the earth and try not to dishonor the earth. They don't only worship nature gods but their ancestors are important gods and worship them for their guidance. When the missionaries arrive with their religion “Christianity” the Igbo society is wrecked. The missionaries believe in one supreme god. The god that is the creator of the world believing that men goes for judgement before him when he dies. As Achebe argues “In Things Fall Apart” that British colonialism has a disregard for Igbo Religion, tradition, and government. The British didn't acknowledge how the Igbo society were being
The African society in Cuba has been looking for solace in their history of torture and discriminating experience: “The slave seeks a bit of peace and hope after much suffering and harassment. With rites, offerings and the sacrifice of blood, he invokes the gods of redemption, from whom he has been brutally separated by inhuman slavery” (Marshall 235). The religion makes them feel more human and therefore helping them live their lives the way the “gods” what them to live.