Old Portugal

The modernize approach of religion and traditions of the old African culture now converted into an Afro-Brazilian culture that still has an impact and exists today which is also still celebrated in Brazil. I believe that without slavery, many of the importance of both sides of society selling slaves and buying slaves would not have shaped humanity in the modern world. “Two centuries had seen African and European cultural religious and linguistic habits merging into unique Afro-Brazilian social and religious customs, music, and storytelling (Nellis 62).” The cultural influence of Afro-Brazilians has persistently grew from celebrations like carnaval into a mainstream popular culture. Brazil holds a variety of different ideas, culture and people. These ideas and traditions include musical interests, dancing, different food dishes, literature and art, festivities, and religious practices.

Mardi Gras has spread throughout the ages, and will continue to expand. Festive traditions of Mardi Gras have spread overseas to New Orleans, Louisiana, Cadiz, Spain, Venice, Italy, and Rio de Janeiro. In the United States the celebration goes above and beyond. With the parades in New Orleans and the balls in St. Louis, the U.S is full of tradition. Krewes who work behind the scenes plan for months to prepare for the extravagant festival. Along with planning, they gather any thing green, gold, or purple to attach to their floats. All this work leads up to the insane party of a holiday which most people think is incredible and fun. Everyone is invited to celebrate , and to have a good time during Mardi

In conclusion, reading about Carolina’s life has had a huge impact on my learnings of Brazil. While reading this book, I was able to reflect on what we learned and discussed about life in the favelas in class. When I hear of Brazil, I always hear of the wealthy places, pretty women and beautiful sites to visit. However, the favelas and life of the poor people living in Brazil is rarely mentioned and talked about. Reading Carolina’s diary gave me a different image of the country and showed Brazil in another light. Carolina’s diary gave me more insight on what the daily life of a favelado is like and what people who live in the favelas experience on a daily

Within a matter of months, I went from knowing close to nothing about Brazilian music to now knowing not only about the music, but the culture of Brazil as well. We have studied many genres including Samba Afro, Samba Reggae and Axé, all of which are unique in their own way, but also have many similarities. Essentially, each one of there specific genres ties back to candomble in some way. In addition to candomble, they also heavily relate back to the African heritage and history. The 1980’s proved to be a pivotal turning point for all of these genres as the abolition of slavery was taking place.

Cuba’s celebrations are greatly reduced ever since Fidel Castro outlawed it in 1969. Today, it is celebrated with not as much festivity as other countries. Columbia celebrates the Christmas season much earlier than most, starting on December 7th to have “The Day of the Candles.” They also have families gather each night for nine days to perform religious prayers called novenas. In Spain, they start the winter solstice with “Hogueras,” which lets people jump over fires to symbolize that they are going to overcome sickness that winter. Mexico is well known for their Christmas ornaments and for their three holidays, Las Posadas, La Fiesta de Reyes and Las Pastorelas. Each country differs on giving gifts to children. In Spain, children receive gifts from the Three Wise Men as recalled to into the Bible. They leave their shoes outside on January 5th and the next day, Epiphany, children get candy and cakes. Mexico also has the tradition of letting children open their Christmas presents on Epiphany, however, the night before, they write a letter to the Three Wise Men asking for what they want. In Columbia, it is baby Jesus that reads the letter of what children want. They leave the letter under the tree on December 24th and open presents the day after. Sadly, for Cuba, ever since the decline of Christmas in 1969, Christmas isn’t celebrated like other countries. However, before that,

In 1703, Jean Baptists Le Moyne Sieur de Bienville lead an expedition throughout the lower region of North America territory, when he settled in what is modern-day Mobile, Alabama to celebrate the first known celebrated Mardi Gras event. Mardi Gras was not commemorated in New Orleans until the 1930s which was about twelve yeas after the city was founded. For a fifty year period in time, New Orleans did not celebrate Mardi Gras as a carnival, but rather through social balls influenced by Louisiana’s governor in the early 1940s, Marquis de Vaudreuil. The first reference of Mardi Gras in carnival style came in 1781, when information surfaced of carnival organization forming in New Orleans. By 1830s, the carnival style became in grained into the holiday’s traditions. In 1873, floats for New Orleans Mardi Gras were completely made in the native instead of across seas in France. In 1875, Governor Warmoth recognized Mardi Gras as an official holiday in Louisiana and from still is to this today. New Orleans’s Mardi Gras has an I testing history, however tourists to the city usually are unaware of the the complete origins story of the carnival and miss the understanding of why the holiday is important to natives. Most tourists tend to be least aware about the significance of religion to Mardi Gras’s culture in New

Parading on the outskirts of Mobile while dressed up as a Chickasaw chief is how one man became an important factor in the history of Mobile, Alabama, in the mid 1800’s. Now, a day set aside for this man, parades with floats, beads, moonpies, and loud music remind Mobilians of their favorite time of the year, Mardi Gras. The carnival celebration of Mardi Gras has played a big role in the history of the southern cities Mobile, Alabama, and New Orleans, Louisiana, but the history that everyone believes about the carnival and the people that have contributed to it is not always as true as it seems.

In 1704, Mobile established a secret society (Masque de la Mobile), similar to those that form our current Mardi Gras krewes. It lasted until 1709. In 1710, the "Boeuf Gras Society" was formed and paraded from 1711 through 1861. The procession was held with a huge bull's head pushed alone on wheels by 16 men. Later, Rex would parade with an actual bull, draped in white and signaling the coming Lenten meat fast. This occurred on Fat Tuesday.

In 1837, a costumed gathering of revelers strolled in the initially reported "parade," however the fierce conduct of maskers amid the following two decades created the press to require an end to Mardi Gras. Luckily, six New Orleanians who were previous individuals from the Cowbellians, (a gathering that had introduced New Year's Eve parades in Mobile since 1831), spared the New Orleans Mardi Gras by shaping the Comus association in 1857. The men enhanced the festival and demonstrated that it could be delighted in a sheltered and bubbly way. Comus begat "krewe" and created a few Mardi Gras customs by framing a mystery Carnival society, picking a legendary namesake, giving a themed parade skims and costumed maskers, and arranging a scene

I will use a variety of sources so my information can go in depth. Anyone who will read my research paper will end up becoming an expert in Louisiana’s Mardi Gras traditions. Mardi Gras developed into a festival for everyone to come together and have the time of their lives. I hope to be able to share what I have found over the past few weeks with my audience and the people who read this. If someone who knew nothing about Mardi Gras was to read my paper than I hope they end up knowing everything about Carnival, its foods, colors, festivities, etc. This research paper has enough information to to teach anyone about the meaning of Mardi Gras and its traditions that

As one of the countries we examined to place a Dunkin’ Donuts, was Portugal. Portugal was founded as a republic in 1910 after a revolution had taken place. Since then Portugal has become a part of the National American Treaty Organization, the United Nations, and the European Union. They are still a 3 branch Republic with both a President and Prime Minister, where they have a Parliamentary Particracy government system. Here in this type of government one or more political parties will lead the government rather than residents and/or elected officials. A party is voted upon by the people of Portugal and the winning party will then appoint all leadership. Portugal has been portrayed as a very stable country in recent years. In an article

This paper will illustrate the traditions and background of Mardi Gras and their importance. Also it will describe the many traditions of this glorious festival. It will demonstrate exactly how it began and the events that lead to its creations. The History of Mardi Gras Particularly, Mardi Gras is a celebration jubilated all over the United States.

The purpose of this paper is to recognize, study and analyze the race relations in Brazil. Race relations are relations between two groups of different races; it is how these two different races connect to each other in their environment. Since Brazil is racially diverse, this study is focused on how Brazilians relate to each other. Throughout the essay, it will become clear that there exists a conflict between two race groups. Afro-Brazilians and White-Brazilians are not connected and though these two groups converse with each other, discrimination still lies within the society. This discrimination has created inequality within the society for Afro-Brazilians. Thus, this paper will not only focus on racism and discrimination that

Afro-Paradise: Blackness, Violence, and Performance in Brazil by Christen A. Smith juxtaposes the images of Brazil’s black populations shown in the media with the ugly reality that they actually face in their everyday lives. From an outside perspective Brazil, especially Rio de Janeiro, is known as this tropical paradise with their beautiful beaches, beautiful people, and of course Carnaval do Brasil. When you Google images of the Carnaval you will see images of colorful floats, and beautiful women with “perfect bodies” wearing outfits that look like solely mardi gras beads to cover their its and bits. “Brazil, a republic that once declared itself free of racism, is now faced with the reality that racism does exist” (5). Brazil is known as a country with such a diverse and rich culture that everyone from other races live together in harmony. The representation of black bodies within Brazil can be seen with by the performers dancing on floats and with bodies being shot on the cement. Afro-paradise is a paradox. The oppressive economy uses its identity as an exotic, black “jovial playland” for tourists to come and experience the black culture and black people. Glorifying the black culture of Bahia reinforces Brazil’s racially

When looking at Italian, Carlos Julião, Enslaved market women, Rio De Janeiro, ca. 1170s, watercolor, and Dutch, Albert Eckhout, [Mameluke woman with a basket of flowers], 1614, both images give us an insight to the way each artist viewed Brazil. By looking at certain parts of Brazil’s history and comparing these two images we will see how each artist depicts the female body, costume and commodity in a way that demands a specific reaction from the intended audience. Eckhout, a master of flora and fauna, uses his style to express Brazil's beauty and economic implications, often times favored by the Dutch. Julião’s work emphasizes inequalities between individuals from different classes