Older Felines Research Paper

Potassium works with sodium to regulate the body’s water balance. The kidneys help to control the blood pressure by controlling the amount of fluid stored in the body. Therefore, the more fluid then the higher the blood pressure is. The kidneys do this by filtering out the blood and extracting any extra fluid, which then is stored in the bladder as urine. This is done very delicately as both sodium and potassium pull the water across the wall of the cells from the bloodstream into a collecting channel that leads to the bladder. When eating to much salt, the amount of sodium in the bloodstream will be imbalanced compared to the amount of potassium and thus reducing the ability of the kidneys remove the extra fluid. Eating more fruit and vegetables, the potassium levels increase and can help restore the chemical imbalance. However, there is a possibility of too much potassium, also known as hyperkalemia, which can lead to other issues like renal failure.

1. ECF potassium levels affect resting membrane potential. Hyperkalemia (excessive levels of potassium in the blood) and hypokalemia (abnormally low blood potassium levels) both affect the function of nerves and muscles.

A low partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) suggests that a person is not getting enough oxygen; Metabolic acidosis->Kidney failure, shock, diabetic ketoacidosis

Mr. K. B’s kidneys should be compensating for his fluid losses and electrolytes by excreting more acids and

|The hormone that is most likely responsible for the cat’s condition is triiodothronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). |

A 10-year study from the University of Minnesota found that the reduced stress that comes with owning a cat reduces the likeliness of a heart attack by up to 40%.

All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further

I am concerned about potassium intake because it plays an important role in regulating heartbeat, lowering blood volume and blood pressure (Hammond, 2016d). The lack of potassium intake will lead to irregular heartbeat and life-threatened diseases such as hypokalemia (Hammond, 2016d). In order to increase my potassium consumption, animal foods and plant foods especial fresh vegetable and fruit are needed (Hammond, 2016d).

In this paper, I will be discussing the equine genetic disease Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) or Impressive Syndrome. I will share the origins of HYPP through the genetic influence of an American Quarter Horse Stallion called Impressive. There will be coverage of the signs of HYPP and comparison to similar symptoms found in other ailments. I will explain the causes of HYPP attacks in regards to the abnormalities in afflicted horse’s potassium levels and voltage-gaited sodium channels. In closing, I will provide recommendations in management practices, prevention and possibilities for eliminating for HYPP from the equine industry.

Defined, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is the irregularly occurring paralysis due to raised levels of potassium. A point mutation is a type of mutation that affects a single amino acid. In horses with HYPP, a point mutation occurs in the alpha subunit of the sodium channel protein. More specifically, the mutation causes a substitution of cytosine to guanine which in turn causes the substitution of phenylalanine and leucine within the alpha subunit of the sodium channel protein (Diakakis et al 2008). Unfortunately, this region of the protein is important for proper function. The sodium channel is important in muscle contractions and in HYPP, sodium channels open unnecessarily, and thus the membrane of the muscle is depolarized more than it would be if it was unaffected (Naylor

DKA is presented with three major physiological disturbances which are hyperosmolality due to hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis because of the buildup of ketoacids, and hypovalemia from osmotic diuresis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, its most likely occur in people with type 1 diabetes, inadequate insulin dosage, poor self management, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, illnesses and infections. In type 1

Cats should be scanned by an echocardiogram and should not be bread if they have this condition. Spinal Muscular Atrophy is another common disease known to Maine Coons. This is a condition where the spinal cord neurons are dying and that leads to muscle weakness. Kittens diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy walked with their back ends swaying and may find it difficult to jump. Cats can live with this condition and it is not painful to them. It is possible to have a Veterinarian do a DNA test on a kitten to see if they are carriers of the disease or to see if they could possibly have the disease. Another disease common in Maine Coons is Polycystic Kidney Disease. This is a disease where cysts grow on the kidneys of the cat. The growing number of cysts cannot be stopped but slowed down. This disease is

Cats came to the United States from Europe. They came from Egypt before that, and they were treated very special in Egypt because one of their gods was a cat. This is when they got domesticated, which was almost 4,000 years ago. Even though they have been domesticated they still do what every living thing does. In order for cats to survive they must get energy, move and grow, adapt to the environment protect themselves and reproduce.

Have you ever heard of an element named potassium? Potassium is an element in the 4th period and 1st group on the periodic table. Potassium is not free in nature. For example, exposing it to water can cause it to explode to purple flame. Potassium quickly combines in air and responds to give off hydrogen. Having low potassium levels can give you hypokalemia. Symptoms of hypokalemia are muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, and weakness. Did you know that 2.4% of Earth’s crust is potassium?

Potassium is crucial to heart function, important for normal digestive and muscular function. It is the primary positive ion (cation) found inside body cells that it is essential for normal cell function. The proper function of the body requires 8% electrolytes in the bones,90% in skin intracellular fluid and 2% in extracellular fluid. Buttarro, et. al., (2017) mentioned that the human body average potassium is about 50 mEq/kg and normal blood potassium level is 3.5 - 5.0 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L). The decrease in potassium level is known as Hypokalemia; it profoundly affects the nervous system and heart, and when extreme may lead to sever complication or death (Buttarro et. al., 2017). Hypokalemia is a possible life-threatening imbalance that in some cases are acquired through inducing drugs (iatrogenic), genetic, endocrine, vascular and renal disorders (Butarro et. al.,