Olduvai Gorge: Impact Of The Excavation Site

A. C. H., was discovered in the loft space above the office of the Keeper of Zoology—the office Hinton had occupied from 1936 to 1945. This was the first concrete evidence implicating Hinton in the Piltdown hoax (Gardiner, 2003). Contained in the trunk were x teeth similarly stained to the materials discovered at Piltdown I, while several other materials, such as elephant and hippopotami teeth and bone fragments, had been whitened similar in fashion to the ‘cricket bat’ found at the Piltdown II site; the cricket bat having been made form an elephant femur. Hinton had experimented with bone and tooth staining (De Groote et al., 2016) predominantly staining them with iron to match the gravels of a Pleistocene era (Gardiner, 2003)… Also among Hinton’s effects, were eight human teeth that had been stained with iron, chromium, and manganese (Gardiner & Currant, 1996), similar to those of the Piltdown site. When the fluorine dating method was implemented this further incriminated Hinton as the findings from the Piltdown I site evidenced “a recent ape jaw and canine had been artificially modified, stained and planted at Piltdown I, along with parts of a similarly stained recent human skull” (De Groote, 2016, p. 4). The method Hinton practiced (evidenced by the findings in his trunk) was unique to him—a signature—therefore, implicating him as the Piltdown

In recent years, ancient burial grounds have been frequently disturbed due to increasing surveillance by anthropologists and constructed on by state-of-the-art technology and are more critically protected than ever before. Understanding the importance of burial grounds gives an insight on the rich history of ancient Hawaii. They have influenced the burials performed, ancestors and their modern inhabitants, and how they have impacted modern Hawaii. Burial methods will range from the tallest peaks on land to burying those in the ocean. Ancestors influence these methods depending on their rank and actions, having their modern descendants have a choice to inherit these arrangements and protect their ancestors.

Archaeologists are now able to come together with natives and learn about the past as a team, getting more insight into ceremonials, traditions, sacred ritueals, everyday workings, and lifestyles of native peoples. Respecting the grounds and artifacts of these indigenous people is respecting their heritage- our universal heritage. The unfolding of information allows archaeologists to gain perspective on the people and land before the white

In the Article “Redrawing Humanity’s Family Tree” by John Noble Wilford, describes how two different skulls challenge the theories of human origins and migrations. The Central African skull, that dates back to nearly 7 million years ago, was assigned to a whole new genus and species because of its apelike and evolved hominid species. The 1.75-million-year-old Georgian skull shows evidence that the first hominids may have been intercontinental travelers who set motion the migrations that occupied the whole planet. Finally a third skull was found that is the same age and shares a resemblance but, the size of the skull suggests that the brain was smaller than expected for H. erectus.

Lieutenant General Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt Rivers and Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler were integral in the progression of archaeological philosophy and practice. Both archaeologists brought a much more scientific approach into archaeology, along with other innovations. Their works are very close in archaeological philosophy and practice, and even had similar leadership styles while being the head of an archaeological excavation or research team. These similarities bring these two foundational archaeologists close together and form a nearly linear timeline of archaeological influence. Unsurprisingly, Pitt Rivers (born forty-three years prior to Wheeler) was a major influence on Wheeler’s works.

9). Serpent Mound is well documented and has peaked archaeologist and other researchers interest for a long time, the first excavation dates back to Putnam in the 1890s (Herrmann and others 2014, p. 117). However, the age of construction for Serpent Mound has been a point of contestation for researchers. Researchers propose two time periods for construction, either Adena (~2,300 years ago) or Fort Ancient (~900 years ago) (Herrmann 2014, p. 119). Recently published work, as of 2017, done by Romain and others have provided strong evidence for Adena construction, radio carbon dates from GeoProbe core samples, LiDAR analyses, and electrical resistivity ground imaging surveys support their hypothesis (2017). Despite of initial construction of Serpent Mound, Hermann and Others do not deny that later Fort Ancient and other cultural groups occupied the site, making the site multi-occupational (2014,

This article shows how Paleoanthropologist David Lordkipanidze and his group of archeologist discovered a 1.8 million-year-old skull fossil that could lead to knowing more about the earliest known ancestors of humans that ventured outside of Africa. Lordkipanidze’s excavation in the Georgia site known as Dmanisi. With this archeology find, it has been concluded that all early fossil humans belong to the same species known as Homo erectus. The article explains that the Dmanisi hominins had brains less than half the size of a modern human’s, and are key to understand the evolution and expansion these ancestors experienced from Africa to Eurasia. Genetic studies indicate that their expansion began from Africa about 1.9 million years ago. The article also mentions that with these new findings there can be a better ground from where to start to understand these ancestors as how they lived and socialized. Lordkipanidze does mention that the Dmanisi “were very primitive, we think there were social groups that connected with each other and learned from each other”.

This project’s aim is to produce a collaborative archeological study of Serpent Mound. The goal of the project is to use applied archaeology to understand Serpent Mound through oral histories of the descendant community, the Eastern Shawnee of Oklahoma, and traditional archaeological methods, creating an updated narrative about Serpent Mound that can be accessed by the public. Archaeological methods utilized will be done with the Eastern Shawnee of Oklahoma as to show them how archaeology explains Serpent Mound’s construction. This project accepts that Serpent Mound was constructed ~2,300 years ago by Adena people, and will use this narrative when talking about the site from an archaeological perspective.

    The major geologic exposures in the Gorge Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the inner Gorge to the Kaibab

Serpent Mound is the largest prehistoric effigy mound documented, in the world. The human- made earthwork has fascinated people for years, especially archaeologists who wanted to know who built the earthwork and when. Frederick Putnam did some of the earliest archaeological excavations and reconstructions at Serpent Mound in the 1880s (Putnam 1890). Since the 1880s, several researchers have worked at the site trying to unravel Serpent Mound’s history. Researchers have proposed two primary hypotheses that the mound was either created by Adena culture (~2,300 years ago) or Fort Ancient culture (~900 years ago) (Herrmann 2014, p. 119). The most recent work done shows strong evidence for the mound being build ~2,300 years ago by Adena people (Romain

Richard Leakey was a paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and a Politician. He is the second of 3 kids. He was born on December 19, 1944. Also he lived in Nairobi with his parents. He was the curator of a museum. After a while Richard Leakey was diagnosed with a kidney disease in 1969. 10 years later he got a kidney transplant from his brother named Philip and he recovered to full health. In 1993 Richard was a pilot on a Propeller plane and crashed, crushing his lower legs. It only lasted a few months before he can walk again. Richard Leakey was replaced by a guy named David Western as the head of the the Kenya Wildlife service. So now about the marriage of Richard Leakey met a archeologist named margaret Cropper. He finished all his requirements of high school in 6 months. She went to the University of Edinburgh. They decided to get married in Kenya so they went back and got married there. Later on his

Do you know who the first person to discover the Robust Zinjanthropus skull was? It was Mary Leakey. The Robust Zinjanthropus skull that mary leaky found was a very big step in us learning about evolution. She also wrote an autobiography. In the following paragraphs, I will tell you about her early life, career, and late life.

Throughout history, we have seen many different civilizations repeating the same things that has happened before and we never seem to learn. Even now we can relate some of our mistakes as nation and compare those mistakes to what has happened in history to find a way to fix them. For instance, The River Valley Civilizations have had many instances where we can look back on them and build on some of their genius ideas like there ways of trying to control the rivers and there farming techniques without any of the modern inventions we have now a day. In this paper I will be discussing the four major river valley civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, the Harappans, and the Chinese. All four of these civilizations started near a famous river

A new hominin species- Homo naledi, was discovered in the Rising Star cave of South Africa. Approximately 1,500 fossil components were unearthed belonging to roughly 15 individuals. The finding of these fossils suggest that early hominins may have deliberately placed the bodies of the dead in impenetrable cave chambers as a sort of ritualized practice. According to Dr. Berger the fossils found, anatomically display a brain closely resembling the size of an orange. Berger also estimates the fossils to be around 2.5-2.8 million years old at the most. Scientists concur that the fossils display modern-shaped jaws, teeth, and feet.

The first fossil was found in 1960 when a team led by scientists Louis and Mary Leakey uncovered the fossilized remains of a unique early human at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.