Oligodendrocytes Essay

Today, scientists at the University of Iowa are studying abroad how people suffering from the mental disorder, schizophrenia, may have less brain tissue than those who do not have the disorder. Schizophrenia deeply affects the brain and causes individuals to lose touch with reality and have unorganized thoughts, troubled perceptions and unsuitable emotions and actions. “Schizo” means split and “phrenia” means mind, however this does not mean that this is a split mind or personality disorder, like most people commonly mistake this as. In order to understand this disorder, we need to take a look at the actual condition and how it is defined, apart from other disorders, speculated causes, such as genes from

(2016) ran into trouble due to issues of skewness. Thus, the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid had to be transformed using a natural log. This was done so that researchers could approximate a Gaussian distribution. By doing so they found a main effect for diagnosis and an increase in volume for patients suffering from schizophrenia. A significant interaction between diagnosis and violence was also found. NVS and VS patients had an increase in volume compared to HC and there was an increase volume in comparison between NVS to NPV. When it came to the role of negative symptoms and medication, it was only limited to patients who suffered with schizophrenia. This data was used to investigate the possible role of several factors including illness duration on gray matter volume loss. No group difference was found. Researchers also found no correlation between CPZ equivalent and WBV, ventricular cerebral spinal fluid, left amygdala, left hippocampus, left thalamus, right amygdala, right hippocampus, or right thalamus volumes. Schizophrenic groups were found to differ in age, academic achievement, substance use and negative

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) schizophrenia is a "chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling."(NIMH,2016). Those with this diagnosis can lead very difficult lives, depending on the severity of their symptoms. For example, some people "may seem like they have lost touch with reality," (NIMH, 2016) seeing a world many of us cannot imagine. Finding an early biomarker in any

This specific timeline by which humans undergo synapse pruning is unique. Likewise, these same stages in life by which humans undergo extensive brain maturation by synapse pruning are also the same stages when people would manifest schizophrenia and show their symptoms. This incidental irregular synapse pruning in people with schizophrenia is also associated with the loss in the grey matter in the brain that is apparent in the brain structure of the affected individuals (Sekar, et al.,

In the article, Accelerated Brain Aging in Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Pattern Recognition Study1 published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the authors decided to investigate the characteristic progressive brain loss that occurs in schizophrenia patients. In particular, they are testing the idea that this progressive brain loss is the result of the brain aging more rapidly in individuals affected by schizophrenia than in unaffected individuals. Schizophrenia is a very rare disease that manifest in several different ways and in different severities. Schizophrenia is often associated with symptoms such as paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization in behavior and thinking. The cause of schizophrenia is not known

When does the system go awry in schizophrenia? Unlike Parkinsonism or Huntington’s, both chronic and progressive diseases, increasing evidence points to a defective neurodevelopmental process. Brain imaging techniques have exposed a variety of structural abnormalities in persons suffering from schizophrenia, and Weinberger’s monozygotic twin studies suggest that the structural differences seen in the affected twin were likely the result of developmental defects and not genetics (Kandel). Brains of schizophrenics have shown enlarged lateral ventricles (Nasralleh, 1993) that are associated with prominent prodromal symptoms (Wright, Gill, and Murray, 1993; Randel). They also have exhibited enlarged third ventricles (Nasralleh, 1993; Wright, Gill, and Murray, 1993; Kandel), present at the onset of illness and associated with both obstetric complications (see below) and prodromal symptoms (Nasralleh, 1993). Also demonstrated were hypoplasia of medial/limbic temporal structures, especially the hippocampus, and again present at the onset

(2016, January 21) They believe that any changes to these structures would have a significant effect on the excitability of individual neurons. “Using computational analysis, the investigators were able to predict how alterations in these structures would change the behavior of neuronal cells.” (Elsevier. (2016, January 21) The results of this study “may provide important clues about basic physiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, which could be targeted with pharmaceutical interventions, and also lead to more targeted biomarkers for assessing therapeutic effects.” (Elsevier. (2016, January

Neurological disorders are diseases of the brain, spine, and connecting nerves, and of the more than 600 neurological diseases (Neurological Disorders, n.d.), Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease comprise some of the most devastating effect on the human ability to function as there is currently not a cure for either debilitating disease. This paper will utilize scholarly research to discuss behavioral criteria, incidence rates, and treatment options for Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder. It affects roughly 1.1% of the world’s population over the age of 18— the age at which schizophrenia commonly manifests itself. The DSM-V characterizes schizophrenia by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour; all ‘positive’ symptoms that present as an excess or distortion of normal behaviour in a person. There are also ‘negative’ symptoms associated with this disorder whereby there is a diminished or loss of daily, social or occupational functions such as depression, difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances and anhedonia. The research literature suggests that schizophrenia has a polygenic basis meaning it involves multiple genes, each having a small contribution

Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that involves seeing objects that are not there, disordered or disrupt thinking and deficiencies in cognition. People affected by it may experience agitation as well as hours without talking. Doctors have studied for years in order to determine the actions that lead to this neural illness so far it is known to start in early adulthood. There is still not one specific cause of it. In this review, I will interpret the areas of the brain affected by this illness, its implications, psychological effects, its physical effect on individuals, and treatments that have been proposed. Human brain scans have provided facts representing the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and the basal ganglia are affected.

The meaning of schizophrenia is a severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality. Researchers consider schizophrenia a brain disorder due to the evidence present in MRI scans of the brain. In comparison to healthy controlled participants, participants with schizophrenia showed structural differences in two particular areas of the brain. The Cingulum bundle that lies under the cingulate gyrus and links part of the limbic system, and another that links the frontal lobe to temporal lobe, were found to have significantly less myelin coating on axons of the neurons within the bundle.

Schizophrenic patients often have difficulties performing mundane tasks due to deficits in processing relevant stimuli. This leads to fragmented thoughts and distractibility as the brain becomes hypersensitive to sensory cues. Animal models emulate the symptomology of schizophrenia and are thereby extremely important in comprehending the unknown aetiology of this neuropsychiatric illness. A growing body of research believes in the relation between genes and the environment. This theory is known as the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.

It was shocked to learn that researchers have discovered genes of interest in schizophrenia patients, however, they have been unable to pinpoint the exact gene or genes that could be responsible for the development of schizophrenia. In today’s day and age, with

Dysregulated adult neurogenesis has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, dementia and schizophrenia etiology [121-123]. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychotic illness characterized

Additionally, much of the research into abnormal brain connections in schizophrenia is cross-sectional. As such, the aforementioned study is of significance due to its longitudinal design which allows for neural developmental trajectories in COS to be assessed. The findings contribute to the evidence in support of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, a model which is debated (Gross & Huber, 2008; Rapoport, Addington, Frangou, & Psych, 2005; Fatemi & Folsom, 2009; Horváth, & Mirnics, 2014). However, it may be the case that COS is a neurodevelopmental sub-type of schizophrenia that is distinct to the typical adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS), which has an average onset age in late adolescence or early twenties (Häfner et al., 1994). Supporting this assertion are the differences seen between COS and AOS. For example, a higher frequency of rare alleles are found in COS compared with AOS (Asarnow & Forsyth, 2013), progressive ventricular enlargement is more consistently found in COS compared with AOS (Rapoport et al., 1997), as well as a lack of paralleled gender differences between COS and AOS. Thus, it cannot be assumed that the findings by Zalesky et al. (2015) will generalise to AOS, as the authors (at times) seem to suggest. Perhaps a similar prospective study could be conducted on individuals who develop schizophrenia during the