On Twin Earth A Brain In A Runaway Trolley Case

Split-brain syndrome, also referred as callosal disconnection syndrome will be a condition that is distinguish by a bunch of neurological abnormalities that emerge from either a partial or a complete lesioning or severing the corpus callosum, which is basically the cluster of nerves that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Question 1: Researchers found that Einstein's brain had a higher ratio of glial cells to neurons than other brains. What are glial cells, and why might having more glial cells be important?

The car “turned over once and landed right-side up” (O’Connor 191). The family suffers from minor injuries after the wreck. The family is not aware that they are being watched at the time of the accident. Out of an approaching car hops three men with guns. The grandmother recognizes one of the men as The Misfit, the escaped convict. Once the grandmother identifies The Misfit he has no choice but to starts killing members of the family. The grandmother ends up being the only family member left to be killed. She tries her hardest to talk The Misfit into not killing her like he did the rest of her family. Stuck in a difficult situation, the grandmother pulls religion into her conversation with the Misfit. She relies on her southern roots to soften the cynical beast in front of her. She rambles on and on telling The Misfit to pray. She tries to gain The Misfit’s trust so she can manipulate him into thinking letting her go is a good idea. He seems to reevaluate his life as he squats in front of her. Moments before her death, the grandmother tells The Misfit that he is “one of my own children” (O’Connor 196). Thinking she has fully gained The Misfit’s trust, the grandmother “reached out and touched him on the shoulder” (O’Connor 196). At this moment, The Misfit shoots her in the chest three times. The idea that The Misfit trusts the grandmother is eliminated and so is the entire

Derek Parfit believes that split-brain cases support the Bundle Theory because split brain cases appear to demonstrate two levels of consciousness, rather than suggesting that consciousness is destroyed in people whose sub-dominant hemispheres are destroyed. The suggestion that there are multiple levels of consciousness aligns with Parfit's understanding of Bundle Theory, although his explanation of Bundle Theory does not limit itself to two dimensions of consciousness. On the contrary, under Parfit's explanation, Bundle Theory suggests an almost infinite variety of levels of consciousness, which, when taken as a whole form the experience that one refers to as a human life. Therefore, to have dual experiences of consciousness would not conflict with Bundle Theory.

The Bystander at the Switch case is a fundamental part of Thomson’s argument in “Trolley Problem.” The basis of her paper is to explain the moral difference between this case, which she deems morally permissible (1398), and the Transplant case, which she deems morally impermissible (1396). In the Bystander at the Switch case, a bystander sees a trolley hurtling towards five workers on the track and has the option of throwing a switch to divert the trolley’s path towards only one worker. Thomson finds the Bystander at the Switch case permissible under two conditions:

A strange loop, Hofstadter claims, comes about when a sufficiently powerful cognitive system is able to twist its perception back on itself so that it can observe itself in the way that it observes things in its environment. The result of this strange loop is that the cognitive system perceives what Hofstadter terms “downward causality”, and this in turn reinforces the concept of I-ness, self-awareness, or consciousness.

dementia. The train cars move north and they finally arrive in Siberia where it is barren, dim, and

up single file.. The main street was as boring as it always was, the same things were there. Just as usual, on day 3, the 30 year olds were taken away. Marty felt bad for the 30 year olds that he watched being forced into the truck, he felt their suffering even though they could not feel it. Marty could feel, Marty was a strange man. He was 29 years old and he was 2 months away from turning 30. Marty had a secret that he has never told anyone ever before. He had emotion. At months old, babies are injected with 3 shots, one shot to rid of pain, one to rid of color, and one to rid of emotion. Although, marty only received the color, and pain shots.

According to Drugabuse.gov, Drug addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. Addiction is viewed as brain disease due to the changes that are going on in the brain due to the usage of the drugs, so it alters the structure and how it regularly functions. However, after reading Maia Szalavitz book, “Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary new way of understanding addiction (2016)”, she has a unique view of what brain addiction is and her experience with addiction. In her novel, she views addiction as a learning disorder, like in her case it started early on in her as a child learning to be addicted to other things that develop habits of pleasure, reaction that makes up their addiction. Her memoir is her personal experience with addiction with using reputable journals and study to convey her point on what her rollercoaster with addictions has been starting early on in early childhood.

was driving home from a shopping trip with his five-year-old son when he suffered an aneurysm and stroke. He somehow was able to pull over but wasn’t able to speak or move. His five-year-old son Nathaniel Jr. grabbed his dad’s cellphone and called his grandmother. As soon as she knew that her five-year-old grandson and his father were in trouble, she was ready to go help them. The only problem was that she didn’t know where they were and neither did Nathaniel Jr. Luckily, the little boy had payed attention in class and could name the letters F-U-R-N-I-T-U-R-E on the sign near him when he got on the phone with his mother. He helped his mother and his grandmother find his location, therefore saving his father’s life. Although Nathaniel Jr. may be only five, by saving his dad, he has become a hero.

In David Eagleman’s article “The Brain on Trail,” Eagleman (2011), a neuroscientist, writes about the massive developments that scientists have discovered about the brain and how our current justice system contradicts these findings. Eagleman’s main claim is that human behavior and human biology will always coincide with one another, which is why there should be personalized prison sentences, upgrades on rehabilitation programs, and introduce long-term catalysts for better performance.

This scenario is the most popularly used variation. Comparatively, the “footswitch” variation of the problem forces test subjects to choose between allowing a train to hit five people or pushing an uninvolved man onto the tracks to slow the train. A utilitarian would sacrifice one to save the five in both scenarios. Those who display utilitarian thought in the Trolley Thought Experiment tend to have decreased sense of responsibility, higher than average levels of testosterone, increased levels of anger, and low levels of serotonin (Duke). Surprisingly, it is most common in individuals with high cognitive ability and also prevalent in those suffering cognitive impairment from inebriation

Armstrong does a thorough job of supporting the soundness of his argument. He goes even further by offering an objection and a reply. The objection to Armstrong’s causal theory of mind is the same behaviorists were faced with. That is, it functions for the third-person case, but not the first-person case. The situation of the “automatic driver” is described. The driver is unaware of the fact that mental processes are going on, yet he continues to stay on the road. Armstrong answers this with the idea of consciousness as a higher order perception. He defines consciousness as “nothing but perception or awareness of the state of our own mind” and “a self scanning mechanism in the central nervous system”. The driver’s “inner eye” is shut and is unaware of what is going on inside his mind.

When the lights go out, Subconscious Brain raises the curtain and puts on a weird show while Conscious Brain sits quietly in the audience. Subconscious Brain is like, “Finally! I’ve been waiting all day for this! I’m so jazzed!” Meanwhile, Conscious Brain says,

Trainsets are often associated with toys and children, but in the book twisted this trainset is associated with harmful emotions such as hatred and negligence. The trainset breaks traditional views and stereotypes by introducing the father of the “protagonist” as a monster that is too focused on what Tyler does rather than what Tyler feels about it, and his focuses often shift towards the hard work life he has working for Brice Milbury, the father