Open Nephrectomy

ACE inhibitors are important and useful in the medication and treatment for KH due to their effectiveness in treating hypertension. ACE inhibitors will help treat KH by slowing the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is produced by the body that can cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels. Angiotensin II is made from Angiotensin I by the ACE. If the production of Angiotensin II is slowed by the ACE inhibitor, the blood vessels will be able to dilate, and blood pressure is able to be lowered (Copstead and Banasik). Thus, it is important for KH to stay on the ACE inhibitors due to his blood pressure readings. KH’s blood pressure is 135/96. His systolic blood pressure is in the pre-hypertensive range, however, his diastolic blood pressure is in the hypertensive range and therefore, his blood pressure is hypertensive. Since his blood pressure is high, it is important for KH to remain taking the

The study shows that disease-modifying medications were prescribed significantly more often in 2000 than in 1995, particularly in patients younger than 65 and in those aged 75 to 84 (Saczynski et al., 2009, p. 3). The study indicates that Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors have been shown to improve survival and reduce hospitalizations in patients with Heart Failure. The second article mentioned about the elderly patients who have CHF not on or under dosage of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. According to this article ACE inhibitors should be given for patients diagnosed asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) (EF<40%) and symptomatic heart failure with systolic dysfunction associated with other heart problems such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension. The suggested dosage for the CHF patients mentioned in the article and due to age-related changes in pharmacokinetic drugs, it also recommended the initial dosage must be half the standard dose and gradual increase after assessing renal function. After studying a group of elderly CHF patients revealed that higher or standard dose of ACE inhibitors reduce the risks of major clinical events. Results from the research display a decrease of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular reason, heart failure, and ischemic events in the standard-dose group. The study also found out that the adverse effects of high doses can be managed by reducing the dosage or by changing

Usually angiotensin has an effect on the body to increase blood pressure, increase blood volume and increase pressure in the kidney. As the ACE inhibitor lowers the amount of angiotensin, this causes the blood vessels to become wider and there is an increase in the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. The result of this is the blood pressure goes down, blood volume decreases and decreases pressure in the kidneys. The decrease of angiotensin levels by ACE inhibitors also causes a drop in noradrenalin and aldosterone levels, which helps to reduce blood pressure. Another effect ACE inhibitors have is to increase bradykinin which also causes the blood vessels to widen with a further decrease in blood pressure. Examples of ACE inhibitors include; Lisinopril (Prinivil), Captopril (Capoten) and Enalapril

ACE inhibitors such as Captopril block activity of the enzyme ACE and therefore the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (the most bio active product of the RAAS), thus inhibiting the actions of angiotensin II and leading to decreased aldosterone production, decrease blood volume and reduced hypertension. ACE inhibitors also work to decrease fibroblast activity as a protective measure against remodelling of the left ventricle (19). Side effects of ACE inhibitors include a dry cough due to the inhibition of bradykinin break down, hypotension and hyperkalemia (due to higher levels of potassium reuptake). ACE inhibitors are currently one of the drugs of choice to treat patients with HF.

Apical pulse should be checked before giving digoxin. The student nurse must observe for indicators of decreased cardiac output like bradycardia. Consequently, digoxin should not be given and physician should be notified if heart rate is below 60 bpm. Report manifestations of digoxin toxicity such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, vision changes and new-onset arrhythmias. Assess potassium, magnesium, calcium and serum digoxin levels before giving digoxin for complication of hypokalaemia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), playing an important role in blood pressure, blood volume and electrolyte balance. By inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, it permits vasodilation and reduced salt and water retention. Hence, it reduces preload and afterload of the heart causing a decrease in left-ventricular workload thereby improving cardiac performance and symptoms (Godden, J., & Waite, M., 2014). Sylvie’s blood pressure should be monitored closely following initial dose of the drug since it causes hypotension. ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalaemia therefore serum potassium levels should be monitored as well as white blood cell (WBC) count for

Information to patient: Indicated for hypertension and angina. Reduce the blood pressure and risk of stroke and heart attack. They are calcium channel blockers which works by widening your blood vessels making it easier for your heart to pump blood around the body and help increase blood and oxygen supply to the heart. Taken once daily with or without food at the same time each day. Swallow the tablet whole with a full glass of water. Taking the tablet at the same time each day will have the best effect. It will also help you remember when to take it. You are currently on 5mg but your doctor might increase this depending on how you respond to the medication. Tell your doctor

One of the diagnosis included hypertension also known as high blood pressure. If not treated over time hypertension can cause heart disease and stroke. In order, to lower blood pressure a person can consume a healthy diet with less salt, exercise daily and take their medication. Usually, if a person’s blood pressure is above 140/90 mmHg they are considered to have high blood pressure. My patient takes Lisinopril, it decreases blood pressure in hypertension, decrease preload, and afterload in cognitive heart failure. The only use for this is when a person has mild to moderate hypertension. Precautions for those who should not take this if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have renal disease. An adult can take this by mouth 10-40 mg/day and may be increased to 80

Currently there is no cure for heart failure, the majority of treatments only manage the symptoms of the condition and often a combination of medications is used to tolerate these symptoms and improve quality of life. Unfortunately many medications that are given to patients with heart failure bring side effects that can sometimes lead to even more health complications. An example of a commonly prescribed drug that has a primary purpose of reducing blood pressure, thus improving heart and lung muscle function, is the Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels and decrease the workload of the heart. When a chemical called angiotensin II is present in the bloodstream, it stimulates blood vessels to become

Example: Pain management .,prevention of skin breakdown , assessing placement of nasogastric tubes, and use of saline to maintain patency of arterial lines.

Since this enzyme is being blocked, the blood vessels are able to widen and relax, causing the blood to flow through the vessels much easier. This relaxation and widening of the vessel will cause the blood pressure to decrease because the heart does not have to work as hard. The medication should be taken once each morning, with or without food. Take the pill with a full glass of water. Make sure you are checking your blood pressure each morning before taking your pill. If your blood pressure is lower than what the doctor has set your guidelines than withhold the drug and contact your physician. Make sure to take exact amount of medication prescribed by your

An angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors use in the management of hypertension and secondary prevention of stroke is supported by NICE guidelines, and is effective with a favourable side effect profile.

Kidney stones are hard, small deposits that are formed in the kidney. Normally, our urine contains low levels of minerals and salts, but if these levels get too high they can form crystals. These crystals accumulate and form into the small stones. Sometimes, a stone can stay in the kidney and other times it can pass through your urinary tract, which is the route in which the urine goes to leave the body. If the stone is small enough it may pass on its own and cause little pain. However, if the stone is big enough it may get stuck somewhere along that route. If it gets stuck it may cause some severe pain and even bleeding. You may experience sharp, lower back pain, and maybe some nausea and vomiting. What we are most worried about is making sure that the stone passes, because if it doesn’t it could cause back up of urine into your kidneys. Your body will have a hard time getting rid of waste, which could lead to other health issues. We will get you some fluids to help the stone pass and some medication to help manage the pain. If fluids do not help, the doctor may use a treatment called lithotripsy. Lithotripsy is treatment that uses ultrasound shock wave to break down the stone into smaller pieces to make it easier to

ACE inhibitors have an increasing role in the management of cardiovascular risk. Examples of these drugs include enalapril, captopril, fosinopril, perindopril, lisinopril, ramipril and quinapril. The reduction in blood pressure that follows ACE inhibition is greatest after

Surgical removal of a kidney – In the case of kidney cancer, kidney injury or kidney disease, a person may need to have one of their kidneys removed. When this surgery is performed, both the kidney and the ureter (the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder) are removed.

Atacand HCT (Candesartan celexetil-hydrochlorothiazide) was developed for patients who were unsuccessfully treated with single antihypertensive agents. The proposed benefit is elicited by the drugs action on angiotensin II receptor antagonists, the agent that causes vasoconstriction. Additionally the second ingredient hydrochlorothiazide a diuretic reduces blood pressure by improving the kidneys ability to eliminate salt and fluid from the body (www.centerwatch.com).