Openness Model

Most people do not see color as simply the way something looks, however. They tend to associate certain colors with specific feelings, emotions and memories. (Dmitrieva) For instance, blue is most commonly associated with “feeling blue” meaning one feels upset or depressed, however, blue is

In another study, five experiments were conducted to determine if coloring a single Stroop element reduced automaticity or slowed the processing of a color. The results demonstrated that indeed it slowed processing of congruent and neutral stimuli more than it slows processing of incongruent stimuli (Monahan, 2001).

When trying to understand the concept of color blindness we first need to understand what the term means. It is a set of beliefs in which white individuals judge non-white individuals as if they were treated equally ignoring past racism (Scott p. 77). Individuals who use color blindness do so through four central frames usually used together. The four frames are abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization of racism. To understand how the four frames are sometimes used together we need to understand their meaning.

As we all know, color is the voice for the artist 's sentiment. It makes up the appearance of a picture. Color is the decisive factor in depths of the two-dimensional plane of the artwork, making the viewer feel physically and mentally attracted, or the context of things - the phenomenon the author wants to present. Colors have been around for a long time, but there is not a common definition for colors. And perhaps humans are one of the luckiest creatures that can identify colors. Often, the recipient 's eye knows a myriad of colors and colors that always change based on the relationship between light and perspective. In art, color creates a sense of

The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words were congruent,

Colorblindness is a defect in the perception of colors, caused by a deficiency in specialized cells in the retina that are sensitive to different colors. The term is often used today during political discourse, often by members of some factions of liberalism, when claiming that one’s race should be irrelevant to any decision making process. It is a form of moral posturing; that one should see an individual as simply an individual, but not as part of any larger group or culture. As if this philosophy will enable us to bridge any gaps between races, this thought attempts to focus on how we are all the same, rather than how we differ. Teachers and administrators are required to complete coursework pertaining to multicultural education

Attention is considered to be a core cognitive process, it refers to how people actively process specific information in the environment. Attention refers to how people select from information and stimuli in the environment, facilitating processing of some of the stimuli and inhibiting processing of others. "Everyone knows what attention is, it is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought...It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state. “This definition of attention was proposed by psychologist William James (1890). This review will focus on literature that gives explanation to selective attention. Selective attention refers to the process where a person is able to select out of many stimuli and focus on the one they want and ignore other stimuli.

It was found that tasks involving colors cause more interference. These two studies were similar to the present experiment, as they both required participants to verbally name colors while inhibiting themselves from naming the typed color, as fast as possible.

Early studies have widely researched attention with selective processing (Driver, 2001). Broadbent (1958) filter theory of attention states that certain information does not require focal attention. It is based on certain stimulus attributes such as colour and shape (Friedenberg, 2012). A previous study carried out by Treisman and Schmidt (1982) proposes that when attention is diverted from a display of several figures, the participants incorrectly combine the features of colour and shape therefore increases the illusory conjunctions portrayed by the participants (Tsal, 1989). Another study by Shaw (1978) found that reaction time of participant to identify targets varied with the probability that a target would appear in a particular display location. These results indicate that different amounts of attention towards the targets are distributed to different positions in the visual field. However, Houck and Hoffman (1986) found that the feature integration of colour and orientation can sometimes be accomplished without attention (James et al.,

Many students or civilians have participated in the stroop task and have some knowledge of what the phenomenon entails. The stroop effect has been explored empirically, theoretically and computationally by cognitive and developmental psychologists and cognitive scientists in more than 500 papers over the past sixty years (beresen, stolz, boutiler 1997). Although the task has been change over the past few decades, the premise of the research is to use specific questions in attention literature to present the effectiveness of selective attention as previously mentioned. The stimuli, incongruent and congruency items were the two levels used. However, to manipulate the levels, the incongruent items displayed how attention operates when the participants had to pay attention to the color information and ignore the irrelevant word that is simultaneously

One of the most important observations anyone could make while viewing a painting is the artist’s delicate choice and use of colors. In paintings, colors serve two different but equally important purposes. One purpose is to draw attention to the painting, while the other purpose is to display emotions. An artist that understood the importance of color in paintings extremely well was the late talented Vincent Van Gogh. In his painting Café Terrace at Night, Van Gogh incorporates a vast array of colors to arouse emotions from within the audience. In order to assess which colors aroused which emotions two important questions must be answered. What emotions do the specific colors used within the painting give off to the audience? How have the emotions behind the colors been learned through normal human experience over time?

The biological processes of colour perception which happen in the brain are innate and contribute towards the way in which individuals view colour. Cones and rods work together in order to create the colour that is perceived. The psychological processes are related to the way each individual person perceives colour, and thus may be different to the next. Colour perception is different for everyone, something that is light blue to one person, may be light green to another person. Both the biological and psychological processes work together. A range of processes will be discussed throughout this essay and will demonstrate differences in the

Another question from my group was, “How do we know we see the same colors as one another?” I believe this question is based on perspective, because the only way we can distinguish one color from another is by perceiving them as different. If Brady and I are looking at an apple and he says it’s red, this does not mean that the apple is actually red. Brady may say it is red, however, what he perceives as red could be seen by me as green. It is red in the sense that whatever color he is perceiving is the color that he learned was red while growing up. Additionally, while people grow up they are taught to associate certain things with another, such as: the sky is blue, the grass is green, don’t eat snow if it is yellow, and everyone needs to sing at church. One example that I like is, the color red stimulates hunger. This can be seen all over at fast food restaurants whose logo contains red such as: McDonalds, Arby’s, Burger King, KFC, Hardy’s, Dairy Queen, etc. Thus, if red is associated with hunger, then, even though Brady may be seeing red, which is my green, and I see red, which could be Brady’s blue, we are still both experiencing the feeling of hunger, because of the associations we created while growing

Research carried out on attention has mainly been associated with the selective processing of incoming sensory information. It proposes, to some degree, our awareness of the world depends on what we choose to focus on and not simply the stimulation received by our senses. Attention is often linked to a filter that screens out most potential stimuli whilst allowing a select few to pass through into our conscious awareness, however, a great deal of debate has been devoted to where the filter is situated in the information processing chain (Martindale, 1991). Psychologists have made extensive contributions to this subject matter in the past century. Notable examples include Donald Broadbent's filter theory of attention (1958), which set the

Strictly speaking, blue is nothing but light that is reflected off the surface of an object and into receivers. These receivers then send electrical impulses to the brain that then interprets the impulses as blue. In that case, what more is color other than the interpretation of electrical signals? Without the stimuli and the receiver, there would be no color. In that case, color is only defined by the measurement of something else. A scientific approach to seeing color reveals a puzzling explanation.