Operation Bim Research Papers

Osteoarthritis Research Society International. (2012). Current status of and prospects for treatment of osteoarthritis. Retrieved from

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. The prevalent population suffering from OA is the elderly, but it may afflict a person of any age, especially upon injury of the joint. This ailment will usually affect loan bearing joints such as the knee or hips, but it can affect any joint. OA is the breakdown of the protective cartilage within the joint, and the patient will suffer from pain, swelling and/or stiffness of the joint, and a decreased range of motion at the joint. These symptoms can have a debilitating effect on a patient by making menial tasks suck as walking, climbing stairs, or even rising out of bed or a chair difficult. Currently, there are various treatment options available for OA but no cure exists; therefore,

Osteoarthritis is a known joint disease and also a common arthritis. This pathological condition results from wear and tear on the joints. It begins in the cartilage where it’s smooth, slippery tissue covers the ends of the bones as they come together. As this condition worsens, the joint space becomes narrower and becomes flattened. The joints no longer have cushions and it becomes rough to where the bones are rubbing against each other.

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint arthritis or “wear and tear” arthritis, is characterized by a significant deficit in cartilage, which subsequently leads to disruption of the structure and function of synovial joints. It is characterized by loss and erosion of articular cartilage, subchondral sclerosis, and bone overgrowth (osteophytes). It is by and large the most common joint disease, as nearly one in two people may develop symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, and one in four may develop painful hip arthritis, in both cases by the age of 85 years.

Osteoarthritis indicates joint disorders, characterized by symptoms of pain and stiffness. It includes metabolic processes of destruction and reparation. Osteoarthritis is classified as primary (idiopathic) or secondary, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. primary OA of the knee is a process of degeneration of the articular surface occurs without an obvious underlying abnormality. The manifestations of OA arise from high stresses on the normal joints or normal stresses on weakened joints, increasing in severity and frequency with age. The most commonly affected joints with osteoarthritis are large, weight-bearing joints, such as the knee and hip, and also smaller joints in the hands, feet. Unfortunately, treating articular

Osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease is sometimes called the “wear and tear” arthritis. (Arthritis Basic 2017, January 20) The wear and tear of the joints affect a person’s daily functions and mobility resulting in physical limitations. Osteoarthritis occurs most often in the joints of hands, knees, and hips. The articular cartilage that provides cushion on the end of the bone breaks down over time resulting in permanent damage to the joints. This progressive deterioration of the affected joints cause pain, stiffness, swelling and a decrease in range of motion of the joints.

OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States (Goodman & Fuller, 2009). Women are more commonly affected after the age of 55, almost everyone has some symptoms by the age of 70 (Tan, Zahara, Colburn & Hawkins, 2013, p.78). Osteoarthritis can be described radiological, clinical, or subjective.

Arthritis is very common and yet it is not well understood. Arthritis my sound like a single disease but it is not. The term arthritis is a general term used to reference more than 100 different types of diagnoses associated with joint pains (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). From the 100 plus different types of arthritis the most common is osteoarthritis, which affects approximately 27 million Americans. It is also referred to as degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). For a long time it was believed that the cause of osteoarthritis was due to the “wear and tear” of joints that naturally occurs over time, however, scientists have now changed to view to see more as a disease (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). Osteoarthritis may affect any joint, but generally only tends to occur in the hips, knees, back, and hands (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). It’s estimated that forty to eighty percent of individuals who experience radiographic changes will symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. This particular form of arthritis is prevalent among ten to thirty percent of older people around the world. This is can be found to be especially true for people who live in rural areas and must perform occupational tasks that may be heavier than that of a people in urban areas (Olagbegi, Adegoke, & Odole, 2016). A majority of people over 65

The articular cartilage is another structure that is commonly injured. Osteoarthritis is a chronic condition characterized by the breakdown of the joint’s articular cartilage. This breakdown in cartilage affects the lubrication proses within the knee and results in direct contact between the bone, causing stiffness, pain, and loss of kineticism. It additionally reduces the shock absorbing capacity of the knee, leading to micro fractures of the subchondral bone. Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint disorder associated with major disabilities, affecting more than 27million Americans. The risk of developing this disease increase with age and is estimated that by 2030,20% of Americans(about 2milion people), will be at a high risk for this

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability which is characterized by continuous cartilage loss and degeneration, sclerosis of the subchondral bone and development of osteophytes. These degeneration changes will cause pain, loss of mobility and decrease muscle function.

Arthritis differs from osteoporosis in that it affects joints rather than bones. The cartilage in joints and nearby areas becomes inflamed or deteriorates. Most movement results in pain.

Arthritis affects approximately 43 million Americans. This condition thins the joint cartilage which then results into painful knees or hands. Types of arthritis include osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis in knee happens when the hinge-type joint from the femur’s lower end rubs with the upper end of the shin-bone or tibia. Also involved are the patella or knee cap as well as the fibula or the long bone which runs right beside the tibia on the outside portion of the leg.

A disease can be defined as someone living with a disordered or incorrect functioning part of the body. Arthritis is one of the most common diagnosis in America, and it relates to pain or disease within the joints. Infact, there are more than 100 different types of arthritis, and it affects people of all ages, gender, and race (“What is Arthritis”). The most common or occurring form of arthritis is osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes in of disability in people who are older (Srikulmontree, 2015). Osteoarthritis affects the entire joint, and is when cartilage starts to diminish (“What is Arthritis”). When the cartilage is worn away, that leaves the bones to rub against each other, since there cushioning is gone, and causes primarily pain, swelling and stiffness. Specifically, there are two main types of osteoarthritis: idiopathic and secondary. Idiopathic osteoarthritis, has no identifiable cause and can affect as minimal as one joint or as many as three or more. Secondary osteoarthritis, is caused by an underlying condition (Kalunian, 2015). Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease and there many aspects that go into identifying, and treating it.

Gaffo, A., et al. (2006). "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 63(24): 2451-2465.

Osteoarthritis is unique in that it does not often occur unless a joint has experienced excessive stress or previous injury. Underlying cartilage disorders can also trigger the condition. When it does strike, osteoarthritis causes joint cartilage to stiffen and lose elasticity, which ultimately makes it more prone to damage. In time,