Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the most prevailing and expensive mental health problems for children and teen agers. Approximately 5% to 10% of 8 to 16 year-olds present with ODD behavior problems ( Erford,et al. 2013). Oppositional Defiant Disorder is part of the disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) group, given this name because those who are diagnosed disrupt people in their environment. According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry from 2013, physicians define ODD as “ a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior directed toward authority figures. Children and adolescents with ODD often rebel, are stubborn, argue with adults, and refuse to obey. They have angry outbursts and have a hard …show more content…
These patterns last for at least 6 months (APA, 2013). ODD has also been associated with excessive arguing, cognitive and social deficits, and significant adult–child and child–peer interaction problems. Youth with ODD demonstrate high rates of aggressive and antisocial behaviors, with a subset displaying callousness and psychopathic traits, including a lack of guilt, empathy, and remorse. It is important to note the difference between ODD and CD (conduct disorder). The defining characteristic of oppositional defiant disorder is a fight against being controlled. For a child like this, being controlled feels like drowning. CD is used to describe an older child or adolescent who has moved into a pattern of violating the rights of others through intimidation or aggression. This could be against people or animals, and include more serious violations such as theft and vandalism.. The DSM-5, a diagnostic handbook used by mental health professionals, describes these individuals as having “a callous and unemotional interpersonal style.” (Colins & Andershed, 2015). These adolescents lack empathy. Children with CD and callous–unemotional (CU) traits present with patterns of persistent and violent antisocial behaviour which include low empathy and guilt and shallow affect. Currently, CU is considered a subtype for conduct disorder, according to the
My rationale for writing this paper is to know what oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is and its effect on age, gender, and concurring behaviors (comorbidity) like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). How these conditions are affected in getting the proper diagnosis and treatment for ODD. Loeber, Burke, and Pardini reported in clinical groups among children, ODD is listed as one of the most commonly known behavioral disorders (as cited in Kazdin, 1995). Stringaris and Goodman (2009) found ODD is apparently very important among adolescents because of its strong connection with a large assortment of fully developed mental health disorders such as (as cited by Kim-Cohen et all., 2003,
Today, as many as 3.5% of children in the United States are being diagnosed with Conduct Disorders some as early as age three (Perou, et al., 2013). Research has shown that CD is a behavior that predicts Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms at age six (Harvey and Metcalfe, 2013).
A rating scale was completed by a Parker Elementary school teacher, Mrs. Smith for 8 year old Andrea. The Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS) consisted of 50 questions with responses with zero representing rarely/hardly ever, one representing occasionally, two representing frequently, and three representing most of the time. The scale utilized is used by clinical professionals for diagnostic purposes of four different areas for behavior concerns these include: distractible, oppositional, impulsive-hyperactivity, and antisocial conduct. The rating scale was completed on 1/31/1992.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder, also know as ODD, is a consistent pattern of negative behavior demonstrated by a child or teenager who often argues, displays aggressive behavior, steals and/or destroys property. Parents and children with this extreme behavior disorder often are blamed and face undue, unhelpful judgement. The ODD Lifeline parenting program takes the blame away and restores parent dignity while providing real solutions to end the oppositional defiant child.
Based on the behavioral remarks of John’s teacher and mother, in addition to behavioral observations of therapist, John meets criteria for 313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Severe. According to John’s mother and teacher, John exhibits recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control his temper. John exhibits verbal aggression toward his grandmother and teachers more than twice weekly on average. John’s mother states he yells at his grandmother; therapist observed John screaming after he was asked to have a seat or leave the room. John exhibits physical aggression toward classmates and his grandmother as well; Mrs. Jones states she has witnessed John raising his hand as if to imply that he will hit his grandmother.
Opposition Defiant disorder, also known as (ODD), can be classified as disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). This type of disorder represents a persons inability to control their emotions or behaviors. Individuals diagnosed with ODD tend to be hostile, vindictive, and may display irritability. Adolescents with Odd tend to display a pattern of angry outburst, arguments, disobedience, etc. toward other individuals such as parents, teachers, classmates, friends, or other authority figures. Symptoms of ODD tend to decrease as adolescent’s age, and problems generally are not long lasting.
Children who display severe oppositional behavior can be tested using brain imaging to test whether there is lower brain activity in the frontal lobe than typical. Also, when a parent threatens the use of punishment but does not consistently apply that punishment a cycle of negative behavior begins resulting in the child’s defiant behavior. When these cycle is established in the child’s early preschool years, are left untreated the cycle will
Oppositional Defiant Disorder or ODD is a very common disorder. According to the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ODD is the “top leading causes of referrals to the youth mental health services” (The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1993). Although this disorder is very common it often goes untreated due to factors that will be later covered. When a person has ODD they are often very irritable, argumentative, and defiant. While ODD could seem like it is just a phase that a person is going through it can be more serious than that. ODD can lead to many problems in a person’s life, for example being able to have a healthy relationship with family members, keeping a job, or even graduating from school. ODD does not just effect the
Oppositional Defiant Disorder is fairly prevalent, affecting 2-16% of children, with more boys affected than girls (WebMD, 2015). The disorder can occur in the teen years, with typical onset after the age of 8, but when age 18 is reached, other disorders such as Antisocial Personality Disorder are explored as a possibility
Oppositional defiant disorder involves consistently negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior that is very disruptive with behavior.
There are two common type of disruptive behavior disorders that affects children lives in a negative fashion when not treated properly. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2004) “Behaviors typical of disruptive behavior disorders can closely resemble ADHD particularly where impulsivity and hyperactivity are involved but ADHD, ODD, and CD are considered separate conditions that can occur independently. About one third of all children with ADHD have coexisting ODD, and up to one quarter have coexisting CD” .The two types of disruptive behavior disorders are oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Some symptoms of disruptive behavior disorder is breaking rules, defiant, argumentative, disobedient behaviors towards authority
According to Richard Rowe (2010), many people will argue that oppositional defiant disorder should not be diagnoseable illness. In order to be diagnosed with this disorder, the child must have shown symptoms for at least six months or more. They believe that this kind of behavior is actually “normal” when the particular age group range is taken into consideration. It is heavily debated that almost everyone will go through a stage where they will not take authority figures as seriously and this is where the child learns to be more dependent on themselves and finds their own voice in the world. Others argue that oppositional defiant disorder is actually a precursor to the development of more serious disorders that affect behavior, as they develop into their young adulthood stage and further. Researchers have conducted studies to look into biological, psychological and cognitive factors that may play into the onset of this childhood disorder. Jeffrey Nevid (2014) explains that theorists have also designed discipline-focused treatments and analyzed the social issues
Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) form a cluster of childhood disorders considered to be “disruptive behavior disorders” (American Psychiatric Association, 2004). Although most violent adolescents have more than one mental disorder and they may have internalizing disorders, for example depression or substance abuse, there appear to be increasingly higher rates of physical aggression found in these adolescents who experience disruptive behavior disorders than for those with other mental disorders. The fact that violent juvenile offenders are more likely to have these diagnoses is not surprising, because impulsive and/or aggressive behaviors are part of their diagnostic criteria. Additionally, there is relatively high co-morbidity with substance abuse disorders, which are also associated with juvenile violence (Moeller, 2001). Individuals with conduct disorder have the following features but this list is not inclusive for example they may have little empathy and little concern for the feelings, wishes, and wellbeing of others, respond with aggression, may be callous and lack appropriate feelings of guilt re remorse, self-esteem may be low despite a projected
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), opposition defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) are three distinct disorders based upon their respective diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. If ODD and CD were mild forms of ASPD, then there would need to be causal relationship between the childhood manifestations of ODD and CD and the adult manifestation of ASPD. There is evidence of comorbidity between ODD and CD, and also evidence to suggest that children diagnosed with these disorders may go on to develop ASPD later in life; however, correlation does not equal causation. The three disorders have subtle but important differences in their associated behaviors, underlying causes, treatment outcomes, and neurological signs.
Overt conduct disorder violate social rules and includes a wide variety of antisocial behaviors such as aggression, theft, vandalism, firesetting, lying, truancy, and running away. It interferes with everyday functioning at home and school. Students with overt conduct disorder “perform harmful behaviors at a much higher rate and at a much later age than normally developing student” (Kauffman 2005).