Oppositional Defiant Disorder And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay

Positive reinforcement occurs after a behavior is exhibited in order to insure the behavior will continue. The following research studies used positive reinforcement treatment plans to increased compliance behavior for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that exhibit stereotypical behavior. The results showed that by using positive reinforcement techniques, children’s disruptive behavior was reduced. Results showed that the positive reinforcement procedures were very effective in various settings such as a school, in home and clinical settings. This paper will discuss the positive reinforcement techniques used to reduce disruptive behavior in children with ODD and ADHD. The purpose of the treatment intervention is to encourage participants to be responsible by putting their toys away when told, by using positive reinforcement. The goal is for participants to learn, how to exhibit good behavior.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is when a child develops a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures. All children are oppositional from time to time (particularly when tired, hungry, stressed or upset) and they will argue, talk back, disobey, and defy parents, teachers, and other adults. These behaviors are a normal part of development for very young children, but parents generally notice symptoms of ODD by age 8 when the behaviors have not improved. By about age 8, the openly uncooperative and hostile behavior may be ODD when it is so frequent and extreme when compared with other children of the same age and when it affects the child's social, family, and school life. The causes of ODD are unknown,

Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD), the most common of the psychiatric disorders that appear in childhood, are often the subject of great concern on the

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of a group of behavioral disorders in the disruptive behavior disorders category. Children who have these disorders tend to be disruptive with a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures. These children often rebel, are stubborn, argue with adults, and refuse to obey. They have angry outbursts, have a hard time controlling their temper, and display a constant pattern of aggressive behaviors. ODD is one of the more common mental health disorders found in children and adolescents (AACAP, 2009). It is also associated with an increased risk for other forms of psychopathology, including other disruptive behavior disorders as well as mood or anxiety problems (Martel,

"Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders include three diagnoses: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. All three of these disorders are characterized by externalizing behaviors in which children "act out" and fail to conform to the behavioral standards of their homes, school, and communities" (Hansell & Damour, 2005, p.454).

There are two common type of disruptive behavior disorders that affects children lives in a negative fashion when not treated properly. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2004) “Behaviors typical of disruptive behavior disorders can closely resemble ADHD particularly where impulsivity and hyperactivity are involved but ADHD, ODD, and CD are considered separate conditions that can occur independently. About one third of all children with ADHD have coexisting ODD, and up to one quarter have coexisting CD” .The two types of disruptive behavior disorders are oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Some symptoms of disruptive behavior disorder is breaking rules, defiant, argumentative, disobedient behaviors towards authority

Oppositional Defiant Disorder or ODD is a very common disorder. According to the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ODD is the “top leading causes of referrals to the youth mental health services” (The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1993). Although this disorder is very common it often goes untreated due to factors that will be later covered. When a person has ODD they are often very irritable, argumentative, and defiant. While ODD could seem like it is just a phase that a person is going through it can be more serious than that. ODD can lead to many problems in a person’s life, for example being able to have a healthy relationship with family members, keeping a job, or even graduating from school. ODD does not just effect the

ADHD can develop into more serious disorder, which is harder to tackle as a parent. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is another disorder, which is usually seen in boys. This is where the child will act in a very violent way towards his parent of someone who is older that are dominant in their lives, the child, in this case, will act stubborn sometimes doing things just to make others mad and out of the ordinary. Another example is Conduct Disorder; this can be seen in about 20 percent of children who are diagnosed with ADHD. Conduct Disorder is more serious as it involves the child bullying other children, lying and or stealing, destroying personal property. Kids suffering with Conduct Disorder are more likely to involve in risky behaviors such

Jayden King Jr. is a seven-year-old boy who was diagnosed as emotionally disturbed in 2014. Jayden requires a 1:1 crisis paraprofessional because he exhibits an inappropriate and disruptive behavior on a daily basis. Based on the Antecedent-Behavioral-Consequence Chart, there were several noted incidences where Jayden has had tantrums, was non-compliant, wandering and physically abusive. When redirected, Jayden will make loud vocalizations, kicking, screaming and throwing himself on the floor. The behavior that will be targeted for remediation is his defiant behavior. Defiance is defined as the refusal to obey and follow a directive of someone of authority or opposing force. The apparent triggers that affect Jayden’s

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the most prevailing and expensive mental health problems for children and teen agers. Approximately 5% to 10% of 8 to 16 year-olds present with ODD behavior problems ( Erford,et al. 2013). Oppositional Defiant Disorder is part of the disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) group, given this name because those who are diagnosed disrupt people in their environment. According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry from 2013, physicians define ODD as “ a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior directed toward authority figures. Children and adolescents with ODD often rebel, are stubborn, argue with adults, and refuse to obey. They have angry outbursts and have a hard

Opposition Defiant disorder, also known as (ODD), can be classified as disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). This type of disorder represents a persons inability to control their emotions or behaviors. Individuals diagnosed with ODD tend to be hostile, vindictive, and may display irritability. Adolescents with Odd tend to display a pattern of angry outburst, arguments, disobedience, etc. toward other individuals such as parents, teachers, classmates, friends, or other authority figures. Symptoms of ODD tend to decrease as adolescent’s age, and problems generally are not long lasting.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”) is a common childhood disorder that represents developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity and overactivity. It occurs in 3% to 5% of the school age population as stated by (Craighead, Craighead, Kazdin & Mahoney, 1994). Another author (Barkley, 1981) stated that ADHD occurs in at least one child in every classroom. As a result of these statistics, ADHD has become one of the most commonly referred and heavily studied psychological disorders of childhood. Studies show that about 50-60% of children with ADHD in the age range of five to seven years are hostile and defiant. By the

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), opposition defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) are three distinct disorders based upon their respective diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. If ODD and CD were mild forms of ASPD, then there would need to be causal relationship between the childhood manifestations of ODD and CD and the adult manifestation of ASPD. There is evidence of comorbidity between ODD and CD, and also evidence to suggest that children diagnosed with these disorders may go on to develop ASPD later in life; however, correlation does not equal causation. The three disorders have subtle but important differences in their associated behaviors, underlying causes, treatment outcomes, and neurological signs.

The individual with oppositional defiant disorder will easily lose his temper; is regularly defiant or refuses to comply with the rules or requests set by adults; often argues with adults; usually and deliberately bothers people; will blame everyone else for their behavior and mistakes; is generally angry, resentful, spiteful or vindictive; and is often touchy or easily annoyed by the actions or inactions of others. The diagnosis for oppositional defiant disorder is considered only when the behavior occurs more frequently than it is usually observed in individuals of a comparable developmental level and similar age. The conduct of the adolescent and the conflicts he may have with adults will vary from the inevitable clash that may exist between teenagers and parents/authority figures. While normal conflict or rebellion may be a temporary or isolated incident, oppositional defiant disorder occurs when such conflict becomes severe and out of control. Moreover, in order for the diagnosis to be made, this disturbing behavior must cause significant issues at the personal, academic, professional, and social levels. Oppositional defiant disorder shouldn’t be diagnosed if the medical professional suspects that the behavior is being directly caused by another psychological disorder such

al., 2008). In the juvenile justice system, an estimated 45% to 75% of inhabitants are diagnosed with some sort of a mental disability (Shelton & Pearson, 2005). This staggering statistic goes unnoticed by most of the general population. An estimated 40% of untreated ADHD juveniles will be arrested by their sixteenth birthday. This is not a statistic to ignore. Many youth with this disorder are finding themselves incarcerated or arrested in early stages of life. There is research to conclude that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder could lead to higher rates of offending (Unnever et al., 2003). However, the effect that ADHD has on delinquency is not direct. This may lead to some confusion. Being diagnosed with ADHD is not an excuse for offending, but the symptoms and behaviors of a juvenile with this psychiatric disorder could lead to higher rates of offending if the juvenile is not receiving proper therapy and/or treatment. For example, having attention deficit/hyper activity disorder could lead to a hyperactive conduct disorder, a disorder that easily overlaps with ADHD in the Classification of Disorders (Von Polier, Vloet, & Herpertz-Dahlmann, 2012). A conduct disorder is a stronger predictor of juvenile delinquency, along with continued crime into adulthood (Byrd, Loeber, & Pardini, 2011). A juvenile with ADHD is