Optical And Electrical Properties Of Pva Ag

In the modern world, it is near impossible to live in an environment where one is not exposed and reliant upon the use of polymers. From credit cards to nappies; plastic bottles to prescription glasses, the applications of polymers encompass an endless range of everyday necessities. However, the significance of synthetic polymers was not universally recognised until its initial introduction as polyethylene during World War II. During the combat, they served as a critical material for insulated radar electronics (ACC, 2005).

The organic polymers influence the polarity, the ability to cross link, hardness and optical behaviour.

Nano-composite plastics and carbon nanotubes have been utilized for industrial and consumer packaging, the later offering an improved packaging solution for electronics components by making the materials used lighter and stronger. Nano-porous silica is a high porous, low-density solid material that supports various temperatures making it a great insulation product that can be applied in a wide range of fields from pipe insulation to refrigerators and even microelectronics. Nanoparticle based colloids are employed in the manufacturing of sunscreens, paints, and printer inks and nano-coatings can be applied in order to obtain scratch resistant surfaces. Composite nano-materials can be considered the basis for all the other current and future commercial applications of nanotechnology.

Polymers have been changing the way we live for over 100 years. Their availability and diverse qualities ensure that they are always in high demand, and new polymers are always being discovered. Where does this leave the now commonplace polymers which once were ubiquitous in commerce? Polymers such as polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride (Bakelite) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were first synthesised in 1907 and 1938 respectively, making them old by polymer standards. Although the original polymer applications are now redundant, they have found uses in new areas of society. This dynamic aspect of polymers is due to their unique structure. Polymers are created from many small molecules (or monomers) reacting with each other, and arranging

PPV, otherwise known as polyphenylene vinylene are electric conductors that processed into tiny films which emit a bright fluorescent yellow light which could potentially be a replacement for LEDS in electronics. PPV is prepared from p-xylene-bis and the addition of acetonitrile-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and from there, the product is treated with heat to eliminate diethyl sulfide, HCL, and ethyl sulfide to form the final product, PPV. Similarly, another method, called direct chemical polymerization, formed PPV but it was only in the form of powder which could not be turned into tiny films for commercial use. In lab, we learned that PPV precursor can be synthesized in a one step reaction from p-xylene using NBs. In the reaction with

The polyvinyl alcohol (Mw ¼ 125,000 gm/mole, polydispersity index: PDI ¼ 0.25), and silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.8% purity) were purchased from the SigmaeAldrich Chemicals. The PVA-Ag nanocomposite films were prepared by the in-situ chemical reduction method [8e12]. Sample b with 0.4 wt % of silver was prepared by dissolving silver nitrate in 5 mL of bidistilled water and 1.5 g of PVA in 50 mL of the bidistilled water. The temperature of PVA solution was kept at 65 C for 2 h. When the PVA becomes completely dissolved, the AgNO3 solutionwas added drop by drop by using a burette at constant 65 C for 0.1 h.

2-methyle pentane 99.9%, acetone, hydrochloric acid and 1-propanol 99.9% were bought from Fisher Scientific Company. Bi2O3 99%, SnCl2 99%, Na2S 99.5% , Na2SO4 99.9%, methylene blue 99.9%, and sodium lauryl sulphate 99.9% were purchased from Aldrich-Sigma. The composition of nanoemulsion was 41.67% water, 41.67% oil phase (2-methyle pentane and 1-propanol) and 16.66% surfactant. Bi3+ and Sn2+ ions were dissolved in water phase. Similarly, in separated nanoemulsion, S-2 ions were dissolved in water. All components of the nanoemulsion were blended to form a single optically isotropic mixture under stirring at room temperature of 20 oC. Nanoemulsion of Bi3+ and Sn2+ ions was added to nanoemulsion of S-2 ions and stirred for 2 hours to form

Silver nitrate AgNO3 (≥99.0%) and PVP (Average molecular weight ~55,000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethylene glycol (EG) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Merck specialities Pvt Ltd. All the chemicals were used as received without any purification. We synthesized silver nanocubes (Ag NCs) by a typical polyol method. In a typical synthesis, 12.5 mL of ethylene glycol was poured in 50 mL of round bottom flask and heated at 140°C for 1 h under stirring. An amount of 2.5 mL of HCl solution (3.3mM in EG) was quickly injected into the reaction mixture. After 10 min, 7.5 mL of AgNO3 solution (94mM in EG) and 7.5 mL of PVP (147mM in EG) solutions were simultaneously injected into the stirring solution. The reaction mixture was

Silver has been used since Roman times as a disinfectant because of its well-known antimicrobial properties. AgNPs are considered attractive building blocks for nanomaterial architectures based upon the nanoparticles size and shape (Shipway etal 2000).

A polymer is a long chain of molecules made up of many repeating identical units called monomers. A polymer made from two or more repeating units of monomers are called copolymers (Smith et al., 2006). Monomers are often made up of Hydrogen and Carbon with extra elements such as Oxygen, Nitrogen and Chlorine, creating the backbone of the polymer. These can be made synthetically, such as polyethylene or occur naturally like cellulose, as are the polymers being investigated are. Polylactic acid is made naturally and Polypropylene is made synthetically. Polymers can be three dimensional networks which don’t melt such as epoxy resin, and are called thermoset polymers, two dimensional or one dimensional networks or chains which can be melted such as polypropylene called thermoplastic polymers

Conductive polymers have promising applications in the field of tissue engineering as tissue scaffolds. Many tissue types respond favorably to electrical stimulation, because of this conductive polymers can be used for the regeneration of damaged tissue. This review will focus on the synthesis and fabrication of conductive polymers as well as their applications in tissue engineering.

The possibilities of employing a nanoscale metal topography that will employ surface plasmon excitation phenomena towards improving the light absorption efficiency of organic solar cells will be investigated. This goal is achievable by analytically designing and producing optically active nanostructures which are used to excite surface plasmons at the wavelengths range dictated by the sun in order to support the confinement of light beyond the diffraction limit, thus leading to high weighted enhancements over a wider range of the solar spectrum. This can be achieved by employing nanostructured materials with unique properties tailored for the materials characteristics of II-VI nanorod systems across the solar spectrum capable of creating significant enhancements while preventing unwanted thermal losses. Also external quantum efficiency measurements on the nanostructured cells will be made, this is expected to demonstrate a substantial photon absorption enhancement across the solar spectrum. Finally, key insights into light absorption and trapping mechanisms in these plasmon enhanced cells through a combination of three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, optical absorption, and external quantum efficiency measurements will be obtained

In recent years, studies on the electrical and dielectric properties of metal-polymer nanocomposites have attracted much attention in view of their application in electronic and electrical devices. Electrical conduction in polymers has been studied aiming to understand the nature of the charge transport predominant in these materials.

Change in color was visually observed in the silver nitrate solution incubated with all five Aspergillus species. The bio reduction of Ag+ in the aqueous solutions was screened by sampling of aliquots at different time intervals. Absorption measurements were carried out on Thermo-scientific UV-Visible Spectrophotometer from 200-800nm, at a resolution of 1 nm. A part of the dried powdered sample was analysed by X-ray diffractometer as a preliminary confirmative method of the presence of silver nanoparticles. The X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex-11) was operated at a voltage of 30 kV and a current of 15mA with CuKα radiation (λ=1.5406 Å) and at 2 theta angles, intensities were recorded from 6°to 60°. To know the size of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), size distribution analysis was performed using dynamic light scattering in aqueous solution. The hydrodynamic size of the silver nanoparticles was obtained using a Zeta-sizer (Malvern) instrument applying a 660 nm laser. The software was optimized to report summary statistics based upon the intensity of light scattered. Two milliliter sample volumes from each nanosilver dispersion were loaded into glass cuvettes and summary statistics were obtained using triplicate 2 minutes analyses (total analysis time=6minutes). For Fourier transform

Compared to conventional ceramic-based dielectric materials, polymer composites have many advantages such as good flexibility, easy processability, lightweight, and low cost to meet demands for miniaturization of microelectronics that has become a mainstream trend in microelectronic industry in recent years. Thus, flexible polymer composites with a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss are highly desired and essential for practical application.