Optical Network Essay

amid this configuration we tend to look for guidance from them as data, control, and application planes. At base, the data plane is included system segments, whose SDN Data ways uncover their abilities through the Control-Data-Plane Interface (CDPI) Agent. On top, SDN Applications exist inside of the application plane, and impart their needs by means of northward Interface (NBI) Drivers. inside of the centre, the SDN Controller interprets these needs and applies low-level administration over the SDN Data ways, while giving pertinent data up to the SDN

* Opengear supports the OpenFlow/SDN Interoperability Lab. This Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology from the Open

The film Gangs of New York is set during the American Civil War in Manhattan's Five Points district, a slum neighborhood. The story mainly focuses on young Amsterdam Vallon and Bill "The Butcher" Cutting. There are numerous characters who help shape the film's story. These characters include Jenny Everdeane, "Priest" Vallon, "Monk" McGinn, William "Boss" Tweed, Johnny Sirocco and McGloin.

In William Shakespeare's play, "Macbeth" a man named Macbeth, who holds the title Thane of Glamis, stumbled upon three witches. The three witches tell Macbeth " All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter!" (1.3.49-50) At first Macbeth just brushes it off as nonsense, but then shortly after Macbeth is given a new title which happens to be, Thane of Cawdor, which was the title the witches had called him. After hearing this it makes him jump head first in believing that what the witches had told him was a prophecy, and that he would soon become the next king of Scotland, (the country where Macbeth lives.) Macbeth then sends a letter to Lady Macbeth to tell her the news about the prophecy, which

What makes politics so important to the United States? When hearing the word “politics”, the president and first family are generally what comes to mind. Of course the president plays an important role but there are lots of other key factors that contribute to politics. There are three branches of government, each with its own special and specific role. The legislative branch writes and creates laws, the judicial branch judge’s laws and the executive branch enforces these laws. The president belongs to the executive branch and plays several different roles in office.

The origins of the candy cane are contradicted with a couple of claims as to how it began. One claim is that the candy cane was created by a man from India, who wanted to express his Christian faith. He started with a stick of white, hard candy to symbolize the Virgin Birth, sinless Jesus, and the unbreakable promises of God. The man stated that the candy cane was shaped like a “J” to represent Jesus or a staff of the Good Shepherd. The small red stripes were added to show the thrashing Jesus took with which we were healed, the larger stripes to represent the blood shed from Jesus on the cross, guaranteeing us eternal life.

Everyone was so busy trying to one up the competition none of the new systems were able to work together. In 1984, the Exchange Carriers Standards Association (ECSA) proposed a method to interconnect the fiber optic systems from multiple vendors. (Woods, 2000) Metrobus which was developed by AT&T’s Bell Laps would later turn into a major project that helped pave the way for SONET. Metrobus was designed to be the first long-haul high-speed optical transport network for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). Some features that were introduced by Metrobus such as single-step multiplexing, synchronous timing, point-to-multipoint multiplexing and the ability to achieve high bandwidth transmission capacity of close to 150 Mbs were all taken into consideration with the research and development that would eventually result in SONET.

Software defined networking is a concept born out of the need to control network devices centrally, wherein the service offered by a device is decoupled from the device in a way that

The basic concept of network convergence is to provide all the communication services such as voice, video and data within a single network to achieve its goal of delivering better services while lowering prices to consumers. There is a need for network convergence, as one single pipe is used to deliver all the communication services that help in regulating the overall network costs to a significant level. Both the users and service providers get benefitted by the adoption of convergence. The users can access a huge range of services, where as the service providers can benefit by entering into new markets. The network built on Ethernet allows users to access their applications on servers and the network built on Fiber Channel enables those servers to access huge amount of data on a storage network. The manufacturing cost and maintenance of these two networks is very expensive and hence it would be more cost-efficient to have just one network. So the converged network assures a highly scalable and a high-performance network with consistent management tools that can handle both Ethernet and storage traffic. Convergence is all about services and new ways of doing business as well as interacting with society.

Abstract— This paper explains about the Evolution of fiber optic networks in Communications. It describes in detail about the Optics communication model and also detailed MATLAB work on calculating the parameters that are required to setup a optical link. It also emphasizes on different bands employed in Communication systems. The section three of the paper describes briefly regarding Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The SONET networks topology and their hierarchy is also described in this paper. The data rates of Sonet/Sdh and the optical market highlights are described at

Abstract—As of 31st December 2013, according to ‘Internet world stats’ there are 2,802,478,934 internet users globally, and this number is ever growing. Even though the number of users keep increasing, the RF (Radio Frequency) bandwidth is scarce resulting in a progressive decrease in the data rate. On the other hand, visible light spectrum is much wider (~10,000 times) opening the door to a higher data rate. Taking this

13. This chapter describes SONET, a family of physical layer standards used in telco networks over the last few decades. Which of the following are true about the slow and fast end of the optical carrier (OC) standards mentioned in this book: OC-1 and OC-192? (Choose two answers)

The high-speed broadband penetration and ongoing growth of the Internet traffic among customers have been the key reasons that are driving the rapid emergence and deployment of optical access networks as a basic bearer network that supports hybrids services for multiple customers while bearing huge capacity. Passive optical network is the most interesting solution for the optical access network to cope with the increasing bandwidth demand and to meet the cost effectiveness. PON can be used for Point to point (P2P) or Point to multi-point (P2MP) configurations. The P2P structure builds a dedicated fiber from a CO to each subscriber which constitutes an ultimate solution to provide much-needed bandwidth to each ONU. In P2MP topologies, the feeder fiber is shared between various customers and terminates at a central office in an Optical Line Terminal. Passive splitters put between the OLT and the ONU are used to split the connection to multiple end points, thus enormously reduces the maintaining cost. Two key technologies are used in passive optical network: the first one known as TDM-PON uses Time Division Multiplexing to multiplex traffic from/to multiple ONUs onto the upstream/downstream wavelength. It requires complex scheduling algorithms and framing technology to support a variety of services. The second is Wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network “WDM PON”. This technology comes to extend the

The great growth in user’s demand for bandwidth due to today’s network applications stir the competition between network carriers. FSAN began studies to access needs in late 2010, they concluded that there is a great gap between user needs and the bandwidth offered by the 10 gbps capable Passive Optical Network (10G-PON known as XGPON) technologies. A system proposal for Next Generation- Passive Optical Network (NG-PON2) stage 2 was commenced in 2011. Among other solutions Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON) technology was recommended at the April 2012 meeting as a primary solution to design and implement NG-PON2 [1]. This network design achieves

Principal investigator of this proposed project, Dr. Xiqun Zhu, devotes to the system level design and business development of this product. With similar experience at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, he designed free space wireless optical data transmission systems from concept to system architecture, to transmitter/receiver tracking and aligning mechanism, to fully functional prototype. Then he served as the marketing manager for launching the product. In that role, he gained first hand system level design and product launch experience, including initial technology introduction, customer field trials, general product offerings and introductions, optical power