Optical Optic Communications Link For Aircraft

Deregulation of the U.S. airline industry has resulted in ticket prices dropping by a third, on an inflation-adjusted basis. As a result some 1.6 million people fly on 4,000 aircraft every day. Airlines carried 643 million passengers in 1998, a 25% increase over 1993 and the FAA estimates that the nation¡¦s airline system will have to accommodate 917 million passengers by the year 2008. The growth in air travel threatens to overwhelm the presently inadequate air traffic control system, which has not kept pace with available technology in navigation, communications, and flight surveillance. Much of the equipment used for air traffic control today is based on fifty-year-old technology; for example, analog simplex voice links for

In Airlines passengers concur to pay extra amount of money for the dial up service in the aircraft. Li-Fi could easily introduce "high-speed” transmission service which would be interruption free and differs from other wireless signals on the board.

Fly by wire is a new technology in aircrafts that has replaced the manual flight control with electronic controls. In this technology the flight control signals are converted into electrical signals which are transmitted to the processors through electric wires and the computer determines the movement of the actuators according to the control command (Crane 2002). Moreover, this system sends out certain commands to the computer without any input from the pilot, these commands are mainly transmitted for a more stable flight. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft.

For first design challenge, interference can inflicted by either through average (long term) transmit-power constraints or instantaneous (short term) constraints [4]. The instantaneous constraints have been focused as the second design challenge, handling these constraints

The used of fibre optic technology in subsea control system has impressively improved the communication capacity, quality and reliability. It provides large bandwidth, extend step-out distant with minimum error rate. This survey paper will focus on basic overview of fibre optic transferring data in communication system, key benefits of using fibre optic in subsea production control system, comparison between the used of fibre optic and cooper wire, key components and consideration of fibre optic design for subsea control and case study of Ormen Lange oil and gas production field that use fibre optic technology in subsea communication system.

Fiber optics is a cable that is quickly replacing out-dated copper wires. Fiber optics is based on a concept known as total internal reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or data in either analog or digital form . Compared to copper wires it can transmit thousands of times more data (slide 2) . Some of its general uses are telecommunications, computing, and medicine.

R. E. Wagner, R. W. J. R. Igel, M. D. Vaughn, A. B. Ruffin, and S. Bickham, “Fiber-based broadband-access deployment in the United States,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4526–4540, Dec. 2006.

Microelectromechanical systems have found wide commercial applications owing to the research and development in this field. For example, arrays of micromechanical mirrors are greatly used in the optical communications industry. Other uses of micromechanical systems include Ink-jet printers and accelerometers which are used in the automobile industry. Advancement in the silicon based fabrication technology has made it possible for a range of MEMs sensors and actuators to be put to practical use. MEMs devices range between a few micrometers to a few hundred micrometers. Planar processing technology has made it possible to control a large number of devices in an integrated fashion.

Optical fiber cables and connectors are a very essential part of the infrastructure in the world today. Because of the many advantages the optical fiber cables and connectors have over the old age traditional coaxial cables that were used in the olden days, fiber cables have outdone the performance the communications industry has ever reached in the past.

One direct method for increasing the capacity of a system is to raise the transmission bandwidth per wavelength either optically or electronically. In optical communication, there are two broadly used techniques for increasing the capacity of the transmission. The first technique is to spread-out the bandwidth by adding numerous optical carriers. This technique has already been slow and deployed and it is known as Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Wavelength Division Multiplexing can benefit to extend the transmission bandwidth by adding various transceivers for the current optical fiber links deprived of the need to install other fiber links. WDM is considered as one of the most cost effective methods to raise the optical fiber link quantity. The second technique is to extend the electronic bandwidth per wavelength relying on the CMOS technology.

SDM (space division multiplexing) has been putforth by Savory. SDM is extremely challenging technology, of requiring developments in all areas of Photonics Technology. The optical communication systems are being upgraded every day .There is a rapid development taking place in this field at the global level in the space division multiplexing. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is conceptually simple, SDM is extremely challeng technologically, requiring the development of new fibers, amplifiers, multiplexers, digital signal processing circuits, and other components. The multiplexing means the utilization of channel by the

Abstract: - This paper explains an idea for implementation of Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) on 3rd Gen Modular projects (such as Oil & Gas, chemicals, petrochemicals, power plants and other processing industries). In particular, it will show how the application of Li-Fi on 3rd Gen Modular project avoids all the instrument wiring systems and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) based wireless instrument problems and reduces the life cycle cost of instrumentation system. The implementation of optical wireless instrument communication systems on 3rd Gen Modular projects will result in enhanced wireless capacity to realize Industrial Internet of Things (I2oT) and contribute to the key performance indicators for the 4th Gen. Modularization and beyond. The availability of Li-Fi communication system provides multiple benefits over wired and Wi-Fi based wireless instrumentation systems. The paper covers all the key areas of engineering, design and construction/fabrication, deliverables requirement, while implementing Li-Fi on modularization projects to achieve the plants requirement in an optimized way.

The great growth in user’s demand for bandwidth due to today’s network applications stir the competition between network carriers. FSAN began studies to access needs in late 2010, they concluded that there is a great gap between user needs and the bandwidth offered by the 10 gbps capable Passive Optical Network (10G-PON known as XGPON) technologies. A system proposal for Next Generation- Passive Optical Network (NG-PON2) stage 2 was commenced in 2011. Among other solutions Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON) technology was recommended at the April 2012 meeting as a primary solution to design and implement NG-PON2 [1]. This network design achieves

OFDM is a great technique to handle impairments of wireless communication channels such as multipath propagation. Hence, OFDM is a practical candidate for future 4G wireless communications techniques [1]-[4]. On the other hand, one of the major drawbacks of the OFDM communication system is the drift in reference carrier. The offset present in received carrier will lose orthogonality among the carriers. Hence, the CFO causes a reduction of desired signal amplitude in the output decision variable and introduces ICI. Then it brings up an increase of BER. The effect caused by CFO for OFDM system was analyzed in [7]-[9]. In [7] BER upper bound of OFDM system is analyzed without ICI self-cancellation and BER of OFDM system is analyzed using self-cancellation, but this method is less accurate. In [9], it is indicated that CFO should be less than 2% of the bandwidth of the sub-channel to guarantee the signal to interference ratio to be higher than 30 dB. A critically sampled OFDM system/OQAM system is also not robust to CFO [9], even when optimal pulses are used as shaping filters. Thus, carrier frequency offset greatly degrades system performance. Therefore, practical OFDM systems need the CFO to be compensated with sufficient accuracy, and this has led to a whole lot of literature on CFO estimation algorithms. Most of the existing CFO estimators for OFDM are based on periodically transmitted pilot symbols. Yet, the pilot symbols transmission loses a significant bandwidth,

The High Frequency (HF) radio band is defined as the range of frequencies in the radio spectrum between 3 and 30 megahertz . Military organizations have used HF radios for both strategic and tactical communications for more than 80 years. However with the development of satellite communications (SatCom) use of HF communication were de-emphasized and fell in to disuse. In contrast to this importance of HF communication still existing for military applications. The militaries around the world must have a robust long range communication system that does not rely on existing communication infrastructure in emergencies, since the satellite comms and other comms infrastructure will present most lucrative targets for the enemy.