Oral And Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

Dr. Robert Best, after receiving a BS in biochemistry from Lehigh University and his PhD in Genetics and Toxicology from North Carolina State University, is currently a professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of South Carolina. He has been on faculty at USC for nearly thirty years, where he has been the director of the Division of Genetics for twenty-five of those years. Best has

The purpose of this paper is to complete a Genetic and Genomic Nursing Assessment to analyze family genetic health risks. Genomics is the study of genes in the human genome and their interactions with each other and the environment and genetics is the study of individual genes and their effect on clinical disorders (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, & Hanson, 2015). Nurses should be able to perform an assessment of a family 's genetic health risks by using a three-generation family pedigree to obtain information regarding possible genetic inheritance pattern and recurrence risks. The family chosen for this paper has a history of chromosome balanced and unbalanced translocation. A balanced translocation is a chromosomal abnormality that if unbalanced (too much or too little genetic material) can lead to infertility, multiple miscarriages, or a child with congenital abnormalities, developmental issues, etc. A balanced translocation does not have a straightforward inheritance pattern. It depends on the chromosomes involved, if the carrier is a male versus female and how much genetic material is involved in the translocation itself.

Pregnancy signifies the start of an incredible journey in a woman’s life, characterized by dynamic psychological and physiological changes in which the oral-facial system is not exempted. In 2010, a study conducted by Lee et al., found that of the 1, 604 dentists involved, 75% were hesitant to perform treatments associated with dental emergency while more than 50% were reluctant to perform routine services.

In most cases of Cri du chat the syndrome isn’t inherited. The chromosomal disorder usually occurs because of a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or during early development. People with cri du chat typically don’t

I hypothesize that there will be a strong deviation between the genotype frequencies of the two lab sections combined and that of the US. This experiment consisted of 26 individuals, of varying ethnical backgrounds, ages, and genders, who amplified their own DNA through the use of PCR. Their DNA was examined for the presence [(+/+) or (+/-)] or absence [(-/-)] of the Alu insertion through the use of gel electrophoresis.

These guidelines emphasized unique risk factors for women, including pregnancy-related complications, which, even after being resolved after the pregnancy, follow women as an increased risk factor later in life. These guidelines support a risk classification algorithm that stratifies women into three groups: ideal cardiovascular health, at risk and high risk. In addition to adding pregnancy-related risk factors, these guidelines recognized the role of

Mutation PKD1 is located on chromosome 16 specifically 16p13.3 and mutation PKD2 is located on chromosome 4 in the vicinity of 4q21-23 (Grantham, 2008). In addition, the PKD1 is very large compared to PKD2, it encodes for a 14.1-kb mRNA transcript that is translated into a protein composed of 4302 amino acids (Igarashi, 2002), whereas PKD2 encodes a 5.3-kb mRNA transcript that is translated into a 968 amino acid protein (Igarashi, 2002). ADPKD follows a dominant inheritance. This means that if either the mother or father has ADPKD, the offspring will have a 50% chance of inheriting ADPKD (Grantham, 2008). If the gene for ADPKD is not passed on, the offspring will neither inherit the disease, nor be able to pass on the disease to future offspring (Grantham, 2008). Ways to develop ARPKD require each parent to be a carrier of at least one defective copy of the disease gene; in this case, there is a 25% chance of having the disease. If only one parent carries the defective gene, the offspring will not inherit the disease (Igarashi, 2002). In Mary’s case, the pedigree resembles an Autosomal Dominant PKD pattern, due to the high frequency of complications

Diagnosis: Describe in detail the test or tests use for the prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of the disease. Give general background information about

While there is a dearth of research examining risk factors specifically for second trimester miscarriage there are a number of research studies examining risk factors for miscarriage, recurrent miscarriages and stillbirths. Several risk factors have been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and or stillbirth; these include increased maternal age, obesity, smoking, caffeine

Women over the age of 35, women with a history of spontaneous abortions, cigarette smoking, ETOH use, recreational drug use, high doses of caffeine, uncontrolled maternal diabetes mellitus (DM), uncontrolled maternal hypertension (HTN)

The FAS gene is responsible for the regulation of programmed cell death or apoptosis. A single nucleotide substitution of the FAS gene has been associated with an increased risk of developing HELLP syndrome. This is most likely due to the stress from the pregnancy causing an over production of this gene in the liver causing liver cell necrosis, increasing the liver

Several chronic maternal medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and congenital heart disease confer an increased risk of CHD in the offspring. (3)

Although the majority of disease are contained in recessive alleles, porphyria occurs in dominant alleles as well (Daempfle, 2016). The two forms of this disease are autosomal dominant pattern (AIP), and autosomal recessive patterns (congenital). The recessive pattern of porphyria may lay dormant within the carrier, and would require another donor with the recessive patterns before their offspring could exhibit the symptoms. However, if there are homozygous dominant or heterozygous alleles possessing porphyria then the

These studies compare allele/genotype frequencies of SNPs between population cases and controls. The low-penetrance genes of prostate cancer found are the following: Amundadottir and colleagues found a loci at 8q24 (Amundadottir 2006) with the strongest associated SNP as rs1447295 with a relative risk (RR) for prostate cancer estimated at 1.72. This finding was later corroborated with the results of the first two GWAS of prostate cancer in May 2007 (Amundadottir 2006 & Gudmundsson 2007). These initial GWAS studies analyzed 550,000 SNPs across the genome in cases and controls of European origin nested from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (Gudmundsson 2007). Yeager and colleagues confirmed the prostate cancer association with rs1447295 and identified another independent association at 8q24 (rs6983267). The estimated RRs were 1.26 and 1.58 for heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively (Yeager 2007). Gudmundsson and colleagues identified another new prostate cancer association at 8q24 (rs16901979). The estimated RR was 1.79 (Gudmundsson 2007). Two independent loci at 17q12 and 17q24 were also found (Gudmundsson 2007). Duggan and colleagues found one locus at 9q33 (Duggan 2007). Thomas and colleagues found four novel loci at 7p15, 10q11, 10q26 and 11q13 (Thomas 2008).