Oral Anonymous Cell Carcinoma Essay

About 45,000 new cases of head and neck cancers are occurring every year in United States. Among them, estimated 20% are human papilloma virus (HPV) infected cancers. The tonsil, base of tongue and lingual tonsil, other potentially HPV-associated oropharynx, oral tongue, other oral cavity, larynx, and other HPV-unrelated oropharynx are all to be considered to be different part of head and neck cancer (HNC) in the study (Ryerson et al., 2008).

Oral cancer is a devastating disease. Over eight thousand American lives are taken by oral cancer and only a fourth of these patients do not excessively drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, which are the two main causes of oral cancer (The Oral Cancer Foundation). Survival rates for oral cancer could be much higher if the population would take precautionary measures to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with oral cancer. When the use of alcohol and tobacco are decreased, the chances of acquiring oral cancer are also decreased. By visiting the dentist at least once every year, new lesions could be found. Unfortunately, only seven percent of the population, who visits the dentist regularly, receives a thorough oral cancer exam(The Oral

Approximately 48,250 Americans will be diagnosed with oral cancer this year, the Oral Cancer Foundation revealed. Out of this number, 9,575 deaths will occur, killing at least one person every hour.

Although the worldwide incidence of Head and Neck Squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been steadily declining over the past 20 years, it is still the sixth most common cancer by incidence with about 50% of mortality. Traditionally, the most notable risk factors for HNSCC are alcohol consumption and various forms of tobacco use, the combination of the two having a significantly synergistic effect on carcinogenesis. More recently, human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancers are increasing and becoming a significant problem, especially in the young population. The reasons are unclear although it has been postulated that an increased practice of oral sex may be a factor.

Interest in cancer has grown recently as it has been one of the most fatal causes of death yet; there has only recently been an advance in the understanding the cellular basis of cancer. Due to today’s understanding of cancer it has been acknowledges that the disease disregards the rules of normal cell division, as a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably. Cancer is described as being the unnecessary development of cells within the body. Individual’s genetic tendency contains a significant role in the cancerous growths, as the genetic information of an individual can’t be controlled. In order to understand the cellular basis of cancerous cells and there difference between normal cells, there are certain aspects in which need to be addressed that being; DNA replication and translation, oncogenes and protogenes, tumor suppression genes, how tumour cells work, apoptosis and cell death, blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) and metastasis.

Well-defined squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are evident on light microscopy, the squamous cell carcinoma showing unequivocal keratin or intracellular bridges and the adenocarcinoma showing acini, tubules or papillary structures. The diagnosis of an adenocarcinoma component is difficult if it is confined to a solid pattern with mucin formation. More than 5 mucin droplets per high power field are then required for a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. The two components may be separate or may merge and mingle. The squamous or the glandular component may be predominant or may be seen in equal proportion. The degree of differentiation of each component is not mutually dependent and is variable. A component of large cell carcinoma may be present in addition to the 2 other components but does not change the diagnosis. The same stromal features with or without inflammation occur as in other non-small cell lung carcinomas. Cases with amyloid-like stroma have been described {2217}, as seen in salivary gland type neoplasms. Ultrastructural features are those of squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. By electron microscopy features of both cell types are common but tumour classification is based on light microscopy.

Oral cancer or mouth cancer refers to a malignant growth that occurs inside the mouth. Abnormal cells may form in your cheek lining, lips or gums. Oral cancer also includes growths on the tongue. Your risk of developing mouth cancer is higher if you are a male who is more than 50 years old. Other risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, sun exposure, genetics and exposure to the human papilloma virus.

Alcohol is one of the most dangerous elements related to oral cancer. Studies have proven the relation among poor oral wellbeing and drinking. Though, low oral health is more connected to the abuser’s lifestyle and disregard of their oral wellbeing than the alcohol’s effect on the oral tissue. Moreover, alcoholic drinks such as wine have a low pH value, this acidity results in frequent erosions to the drinker’s teeth. Studies that relate teeth count to alcohol consumption are few, contradictory, and very inconclusive. While some have shown that drinking alcoholic beverages is the reason of having fewer teeth, others have concluded that drinking alcohol decreases the ratio of teeth loss, while others have proven that no correlation

Similarly, studies and research over the last decades have shown the correlation between poor oral health and other pathological ailment. For instance, studies have pointed to the link between oral diseases, specifically periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (de Oliveira, Watt, & Hamer, 2010; Joshipura et al., 1996). This correlation has been attributed to the raised concentration of C reactive protein and other inflammatory biomarkers caused by systemic inflammatory response resulting from periodontal disease (de Oliveira et al., 2010). Similarly, other studies have shown that visits to dental office increases detection of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancer (Holmes, Dierks, Homer, & Potter, 2003). Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are believed to account for 4% of cancers in men and 2% of cancers in women (Holmes et al., 2003). However, poor oral health access means that this prognostic indicator is often detected late, hence decreasing the survival rates of diagnosed patient. Thus oral health care services is necessary for overall health, as its absence creates reduction in systemic health and quality of life (Decker & Lipton, 2015; Naito et al., 2006; Petersen,

In today’s society most people think that the leading cause of oral cancer are things like tobacco products or other types of drugs. But that is not the case, because scientist have proven that the leading cause is really oral sex.

The first category of the six is carcinoma and it is the most common type. This is cancer that originates in the epithelial tissue or the tissue lining of internal organs. Carcinomas are also known as malignancies of epithelial tissue. These make up approximately 80 to 90 percent off all reported cases of this disease. This could be because epithelial tissue is present all throughout our bodies. Some specific cancers that are considered carcinomas include most lung, breast, prostate, and colon cancers.

The authors of this article, Gypsyamber D’S ouzaOral, Yuri Agrawal, Jane Halpern, Sacared Bodison and Maura Gillison believe that the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a reason for oropharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, they all check into it thoroughly to see whether sexual behaviors is the main cause for the high raise of the odds of oropharyngeal cancer advancing in a case control study that is similar to the raising odds of oral HPV infection developing among control patients. The human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was revealed in approximately four point eight percent of three hundred and thirty two control patients that were from an outpatient clinic and in two point nine percent of two hundred and ten men that are of college age

Leukoplakia is the most common precursor lesion to squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. There is a male predilection, presumably do to commonly implicated risk factors, smoking and alcohol. It presents as a white plaque with generally well-demarcated borders: early lesions present as homogenously smooth and thin and more advanced lesions may present with nodular, verrucous, or even partially erythematous components. Furthermore, histopathologic examination is characterized by a hyperkeratosis with or without acanthosis. Inconsistent numbers

Most of the studies on salivary gland tumors are in reference to western population and to the best of our knowledge this study is the first of its kind in Indian population. In this study, salivary gland neoplasms were retrospectively studied

The literature review was detailed explaining the etiology diagnosis and treatment of the disease however limited literature references were mentioned to support the conclusion that, Oral cavity lesions can be the first sign of relapse or succession of myeloma.1