Oral Cavity Research Paper

The majority of medicines are formulated for oral administration. This means they are taken via the mouth, in the form of a tablet, capsule, liquid or suspension. These medicines come in a variety of

There are several types of medication, each has a purpose and function needed for their administration via the different routes.

The aspirin starts begins to dissolve by the enzymes and are soaked in while traveling down to the stomach. They then are distributed to the areas that need the pain relief.

1. There are a number of types of materials and equipment needed for the administration of medication via the different routes. They all serve a type and purpose these include:

There are various types of materials and equipment required to deliver medications via different routes examples of which are: patches for drug absorption i.e. in hormone replacement which can be placed in the most direct location, needles for subcutaneous injection i.e. in insulin dependant diabetes to allow the transfer of insulin into the body. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feed tubes for people with issues swallowing or with sever reflux to allow liquid food and medications to be administered whilst bypassing the throat and gullet.

This is medication that is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If an individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids, suspensions and syrups. Sublingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly.

Intravenous Naloxone reaches the brain two minutes faster than intranasal Naloxone, which could be the difference between life or death. However, through an I.V., 100% of Naloxone reaches the brain. On the other hand, Strang, McDonald, Tas, and Day discovered that when intranasal Naloxone is not administered at a 90 degree angle or the nasal cavity is blocked with vomit, Naloxone gathers at the back of the throat and is swallowed by the Naloxone recipient (576). This means that when intranasal Naloxone is administered, Naloxone has to be administered repeatedly to fully reverse opioid overdose. Often times, intranasal Naloxone is followed by administration of intravenous or intramuscular Naloxone. While using intravenous and intramuscular administration, there is no way to slow the absorption of Naloxone.

In injections, active ingredients are dissolved in a liquid and then injected. A drug is often injected into a vein (intravenous administration) if it is to have as fast an effect as possible, for instance in an emergency.

enters the blood stream in just a matter of seconds of using this drug. When eating or drinking

Pharmacokinetics consists of three components, absorption, distribution, and clearance. Absorption, especially from the oral route is the least influenced by the aging process and slows down, but remains complete (Adams et al., 2011). As the number of drugs ingested increases, the risk that absorption is interrupted increases (Adams et al., 2011). Distribution is significantly impacted with age. Older people have more body fat and less water than younger people. As a result, a drug that is fat soluble will remain in older bodies

When lipase activity is blocked, triglycerides from the diet are not hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids, and are excreted undigested instead. Only trace amounts of this medicine are absorbed systemically; the primary effect is local lipase inhibition within the GI tract after an oral dose. The primary route of elimination is through the feces.

3Transdermal delivery of fentanyl has a variety of advantages compared to other delivery systems. Unlike oral administration, transdermal fentanyl avoids first–pass hepatic effect of the liver, which can prematurely metabolize drugs. In comparison with oral opioids, transdermal fentanyl has a lower incidence and impact of adverse effects such as constipation and vomiting, it also enhances patience compliance (as administration is every 72 hours). Transdermal delivery of fentanyl is also more convenient in comparison to hypodermic injection which can be very painful but also exert dangerous medical waste and increase disease transmission with the re use of needles (which is very common in developing countries).

Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins that bind to specific sugar residues and therefore, it can interact with the glycoconjugates including those present on cell surfaces or the mucins in the salivary pellicle. Lectins originates from Triticum vulgaris have been shown to strongly bind to the buccal mucosal cells in vitro and was still detected at similar levels after 2 h (Smart et al. 2002). Another approach to improve the buccal permeation of liquid dosage forms by incorporating iontophoretic techniques, which are well known for the delivery of drugs through skin, but have also been investigated for drug delivery across the buccal mucosa. Campisi et al. (2010) demonstrated that the delivery of naltrexone via iontophoresis showed higher plasma

In the past years, drug delivery via the nasal route has established itself as a competitor and an alternative route over other routes of administration. It provides a higher degree of patient compliance and drugs can be painlessly self-administered by the patient (Illum, 2003). Drugs administered through nasal route are absorbed rapidly and can reach therapeutically effective plasma levels quickly due to highly permeable membranes and rich vasculature of the nasal cavity (Majithiya et al., 2006). In addition, the nasal route offers further advantages over the oral route, especially for those drugs that have poor oral bioavailability due to high hepatic first-pass metabolism, pH instability and enzyme degradation in GIT (Ugwoke et al., 2001).

Oral dissolving film delivers drug directly into the systemic circulation by dissolving or disintegrating in buccal cavity [1].