Oral Diabetic Addictions : Case Study

This article discusses the use of dulaglutide and sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a recombinant GLP-1 Fc fusion protein, which acts by linking GLP-1 analog peptide and a variant of lgG4 Fc fragments in humans. As such, the analog of GLP-1 has posed effects and has shown elevated efficacies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy in the baseline of HbA was altered during the end of 52nd week. The objective of secondary efficacy included a change in HbA during the end of the 26th and 104th week. The percentage of patients achieved HbA targets ranged between 7.5% to 6.5% in a central laboratory and the body changed significantly. However, current treatment majorly focuses on increasing

The study had an overall total of 1150 participants. Although there were many participants to begin with, they did not provide all of the feedback the researchers had requested.  This resulted in the expulsion of their participation, so their results were not included in the final reports of the study. The number of patients that did provide the essential information added up to a total of 901. The profile for a participant was a patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in the last 6 months, but has been diagnosed no more than 10 years ago. They had to be between 35-70 years of age. Their BMI had to be more or less than 24 kg/m2 and have an HbA1c more or less than 6.5%. They also had to have treatment with a diet or oral glucose lowering medication. Those needing insulin shots, had been diagnosed with chronic diseases, or had a change in diet or lifestyle 3 months prior to the study were not included in the overall

Everybody knows that obesity is a big factor in developing type-2 diabetes, and that part of coping with this metabolic disorder is lifestyle change. If blood glucose does not go down, then medicines are introduced. Some type-2 diabetics even have to administer insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels

The individual used in this paper was a 56-year-old female that is pre-diabetic but is on the verge of having type 2 diabetes. The individual has been dealing with diabetes for the last 4 years. She stated that she was placed on Metformin 3 years ago to help control blood glucose levels. The individual states that she did not take her Metformin like she was suppose to and was having trouble keeping her A1C down. She stated that her primary care physician recommended she tried to control her blood glucose through diet and exercise and if she was able to do this she would be able to get of the Metformin.

Dapaglifozin and canagliflozin are the first PBS-listed agents from a new class of oral antidiabetics agents known as SGLT2 inhibitors. This class represents a novel insulin-independent approach for treatment of type 2 diabetes that relies on the role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis. SGLT2 is a low-affinity, high-capacity sodium-coupled glucose transporter located on the luminal side of the renal proximal tubule and accounts for most glucose reabsorption in the kidneys (Pajor et. al., 2008).

Opposing this American Diabetes Association and European Association published theorem against the use of rosiglitazone. Unfortunately, it had no impact and the drug was still in market. Moreover, in 2009 the annual sale baffled $1 billion. Further, the US Senate Committee on Finance disclosed the reports of analysis done by GSK and USFDA, Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulations of Glycemia in Diabetes (RECORD). This study depicted a deficient and inconsistent data to allow or controvert the demonstration of risk of MI. Further ADOPT study and DREAM study were conducted. These two also certified that rosiglitazone is not showing significant side effect as CV or

There is growing concern that intense glucose lowering or the use of certain agents may be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

The global presence of type-2 diabetes, which results when insulin-producing beta cells cannot compensate for rising insulin resistance, has risen constantly.In 2014, 9 percent of the adults worldwide had diabetes, and of those with diabetes, 90 percent had type 2 diabetes (World Health Organization, 2014). Not only has this global phenomenon has influenced other countries but it also has increased prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance in the United States,affecting 29.1 million people with diabetes (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014). The current treatments for diabetes, such as Thiazolidinediones, are highly effective oral medications with detrimental side effects including congestive heart failure, bone loss and weight gain(Suh et al. 2014).

A myriad of pharmaceutical treatment options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) currently exist (Inzucchi et al., 2015; American Diabetes Association, 2016). Although metformin remains the first-line pharmacologic treatment, numerous options are available when metformin alone does not achieve glycemic targets. When making treatment decisions, the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2016) recommends that selection of additional agents should take into account the advantages and disadvantages of specific medications. They also advise consideration of patient preference, cost, side effects, impact on body weight, and risk for hypoglycemia (ADA, 2016). The intent of this paper is to explore the recently published and highly relevant research findings on the impact of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2), on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality (Zinman et al., 2015).

From the Department of Clinical Pharmacology (Dr L Ståhle) and the Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (Dr Rudling),

In a phase 2 trial, patients with type 2 diabetes with active comparator were treated with MSDC-0160. This study will further evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSDC-0160, and reveal its effectiveness in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (Clinical trial information:

Inclusion criteria were blood sugar concentrations between 7.1% and 11.0% (54 mmol/mol to 97mmol/mol); a body-mass index of ≤45 kg/m2; and a stable body weight for ≥3 months. By the conclusion of the study, 400 patients assigned to exenatide and 391 patients assigned to liraglutide reached the 26-week mark. In both groups, 13% of patients dropped out due to gastrointestinal effects, loss of blood glucose control, protocol violation, or a decision to leave the study early made by either the patient or physician. An open-label design was adopted because a proper placebo was not available for

On March 29, 2013, Canagliflozin (InvokanaTM) was approved by the FDA for the improvement of glycemic control for adults with type 2 diabetes. In 2013, Elkinson and Scott estimated that there were approximately 220 million people worldwide affected by type 2 diabetes. Despite having multiply classifications of drugs and typically multiple drugs to each classification, more than have of patient being treated do not have adequate control of their diabetes (Elkinson & Scott, 2013). As mentioned before with so many medication types already on the market, is Canagliflozin a beneficial addition to the market. First we need to understand how Canagliflozin work, next must analyze if it is effective, then what are some of the side effects or restricts, and finally what is the cost analysis.

Lo C, Toyama T, Hirakawa Y, Jun M, Cass A, Hawley C, Pilemore H, Badev SV, Percovic V, Zoungas S. Insuline & Glucose lowering agents for treating people with diabetics and chronic Kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No. CD011798. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011798.

Glitazones are the new class of anti-diabetic drugs that are the first to be able to manage glycaemia goals. Troglitazone was first approved for the market in 1997, but it was withdrawn from the market by 2000. After the withdrawal of troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were introduced in 1999 as potentially safer alternatives. However, currently rosiglitazone is under black box warning for increased risk of cardiovascular disease and pioglitazone is in a nutshell as the drug required more investigation. In this review, the potential ability to predict the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are examined. If it is possible to predict ADRs, should it be done in the future.