Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder Research Paper

Mutations in this gene are responsible for an increased incidence of melanoma in a very small amount of families. The incidence of melanoma of CDK4 is similar to the families that have mutations in the gene CDKN2A. The gene CDK4 is a proto-oncogene that makes a protein that helps control cell division. However, when the CDK4 gene is mutated, it products an abnormal CDK4 protein that is too active. This abnormal protein makes cell divide uncontrollably fast, which could lead to tumor formation. Clinically, CDK4 and CDKN2A are mostly similar.

(a) Grading of the tumor: is very important prognostic factor, well differentiated tumors are associated with better OAS than poorly differentiated tumors (Wasif et al.,

Oral cancer is a devastating disease. Over eight thousand American lives are taken by oral cancer and only a fourth of these patients do not excessively drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, which are the two main causes of oral cancer (The Oral Cancer Foundation). Survival rates for oral cancer could be much higher if the population would take precautionary measures to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with oral cancer. When the use of alcohol and tobacco are decreased, the chances of acquiring oral cancer are also decreased. By visiting the dentist at least once every year, new lesions could be found. Unfortunately, only seven percent of the population, who visits the dentist regularly, receives a thorough oral cancer exam(The Oral

1. The women with known gum disease were at a higher risk for developing cancer than those without any gum disease.

2. Aggressive Periodontitis – mainly affects an individual’s incisors and first molars. This disease may develop in healthy teenagers and young adults. Aggressive Periodontitis is characterized by a severe loss of the bone responsible for holding the teeth (alveolar bone). Oddly enough, individuals with this form of gum disease rarely form dental plaque or tartar.

As the condition progresses, it causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, leaving pockets in the soft tissue. The gums are now

Today's medical physicians and oral physicians are taking a more holistic look at diseases of the human body and their origins: prolonged stress, poor diet, lack of spirituality and lack of exercise. However, a link was missing where oral health was concerned. Today, the connection of illnesses originating from the mouth and spreading to the rest of the body becomes all the more apparent with each passing

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is an invasive form of head and neck cancer, accounting for 94% of all oral cancers (Bagan et al., 2010). The common etiological factors associated are tobacco and betel quid chewing, human papilloma viral infections and alcohol consumption (Massano et al., 2006). Diagnostic delays have been reported to be an important factor responsible for progression of oral squamous cancers to advanced stages. The average 5-year survival rate for oral squamous cell carcinoma is 50% (Sciubba, 2002). Such invasive cancer is clinically preceded by a premalignant lesion which is associated with high malignant transformation risk.

To assess these markers, there are several scales and scoring systems that have been developed. The prognostic nutritional index is one such scale that incorporates the ratio of different white blood cells as well as the ratio of C-reactive protein-to-albumin levels in the blood. The modified Glasgow prognostic score is another similar scale that incorporates factors related to both C-reactive proteins and albumin. It's efficient, simple enough to use, and these scales have been correlated with the prognosis and survival of many different cancers including cancers of the colon, stomach, lung, and pancreas.

2. Literatures Review 2.1. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Oral cancer (OC) includes a group of neoplasms affecting any region of the oral cavity, pharyngeal regions and salivary glands. However, this term tends to be used interchangeably with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (Choi and Myers, 2008). Oral SCC is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity derived from stratified squamous epithelium including lips, buccal mucosa, lower and upper alveolar ridges, retromolar gingiva, floor of the mouth, hard palate, and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (Lozano et al., 2013). By gross morphologic examination, the exophytic, ulcerative, or verrucous types are seen (Mehrotra and Yadav 2006). Regardless of the easy access of oral cavity for clinical examination, OSCC is usually diagnosed in advanced stages.

environment that may lead to adverse effects on the integrity of the oral tissues. Mucosal

The etiology of oral malignant melanoma is unknown, in contrst to cutaneous melanoma which is liked to sun exposure .Nevi are considered a potential source of some oral melanomas, but the sequence of event is poorly understood. Currently most melanomas are thought to arise de novo(19,20). The role of inhaled and ingested carcinogens as from tobacco use chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures in their pathogenesis has been suggested, similar to squamous cell carcinoma. It is possible that physical and/or chemical stimulation play a role in physiologic oral pigmentation. Axel and Hedin suggested that hyperproduction of the melanocytes in oral epithelium may be caused by physical and chemical stimulation, resulted in oral pigmented lesions.

Silva et al. (Ref. 83) have performed a comprehensive analysis of the inactivation mechanisms (mutation, homozygous and hemizygous deletion, and promoter hypermethylation) in of 100 primary breast carcinomas. RT-PCR showed expression variable of the p14ARF transcript, with 17% overexpression and 26% decreased expression. No detectable alterations were observed in the majority of cases with overexpressed p14ARF mRNA, but 77% of tumors with decreased expression showed one or more of these genetic alterations (Ref. 83). A significant correlation was observed between decreased p14ARF expression and poor prognostic parameters. The same group later studied the inactivation mechanisms that alter the levels (Ref. 84). Furthermore, the interdependence of inactivation mechanisms was studied since it had been reported that p14ARF was altered in tumors in concordance with p16INK4a. They showed that promoter hypermethylation was the major mechanism of inactivation of these genes, which was present in 31% and 50% of the tumors that showed decreased p16INK4a and p14ARF expression, respectively. No detectable inactivation mechanisms were observed in tumors overexpressing p16INK4a or p14ARF. In conclusion, these tumor suppressor proteins were often co-altered in human breast

Of 37 cases, 9 cases occurred in major salivary glands, with eight occurrences in the parotid region - 1 PA, 1 Adenolymphoma & 6 Acinic cell adenocarcinoma (AcADCC) and one in submandibular region- 1 Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Of 37 cases, 28 cases occurred in minor salivary glands, with palate being the most commonly affected site by both benign (63.63%) and malignant tumors (58%).

Though specific subject selection criteria are not mentioned in the article, subject selection bias is not observed as cases reported in this article include both sexes, age range reported is broad from 31 to 70 years old the location and clinical appearance of each oral lesion were different. Author has reported and discussed each case and analyzed similarities and differences in all case reports. As per my opinion this study has following issues: