Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OCC)

Oral mucositis is one of most debilitating side effects of common cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It affects about 10-40% of patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors and up to 100% of those undergoing high dose radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Oral mucositis is painful and may result in dose reductions, treatment delays, or treatment discontinuation, which in turn can affect the outcome of anticancer therapy. Moreover, extensive oral mucositis may limit adequate nutritional intake and necessitate hospitalization for parenteral nutrition and narcotic analgesics, increasing the cost of anticancer therapy and impairing the patients’ quality of life. Management of oral mucositis generally involves good oral hygiene, systemic analgesics, and preventive

A 68-year-old man complained of a laryngeal invasion due to a neck mass and underwent a wide excision of the thyroid bed and a complete laryngectomy. The patient was initially diagnosed with a sarcomatoid carcinoma of the neck, which showed a rather unusual histological profile. The tumor showed epithelioid-tubular structures containing mucin pools, with a fibrous or sarcomatous background, which is not consistent with the typical morphological features of ATC (Fig. 1A and 1B). The patient was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (42 Gy) and chemotherapy, with the regimens adjusted for sarcomatoid carcinoma of the larynx (2 cycles of etoposide, ifosfamide and cisplatin, and 2 cycles of ifosfamide and adriamycin). However, the size of

All malignant tumors have tendency to metastasize and OSCC metastasize via lymphatic channel before any route. Sentinel lymph node(SLN) is defined as the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor and oral cancer drains first in neck nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a procedure in which the sentinel lymph node is identified, removed, and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present and can give information regarding spread of tumor. This information can help surgeons to determine the histological stage of the cancer per-operatively, and develop an appropriate treatment plan accordingly. If SLN is negative then elective neck dissection can be avoided that helps to reduce morbidity with better cosmetic outcome, preserve lymph node containing B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other types of immune system cells, hazard of injuring nerves (spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus, laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerve, facial nerve and lingual nerve) and vessels (internal jugular vein and tributaries, carotid artery and its branches) per-operatively.

Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present considerable diagnostic and management challenges for the pathologist and surgeon. Salivary gland tumors are rare with an overall incidence in the western world of about 2.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 per year. About 80% of all lesions are benign; hence salivary malignancies are particularly rare, comprising less than 0.5% of all malignancies and about 5% of cancers in the head and neck. (1)

April 20th 2011 was the date of the discovery. A cause of SCC is associated with Human papilloma virus, with the oropharynx, lung, fingers, and anogenital region. Exposure to sunlight could also be another cause to SCC, you have to have protection on your skin. With this kind of exposure it is the strongest environmental risk factor. Squamous Cell cancers of the lip and ears are high rates of recurrence and distant metastasis. Individuals on immunotherapy or suffering from lymph proliferative disorders(leukemia) tend to be much more aggressive, regardless of the location. The symptoms might have are highly variable depending on the organ it is on. Lesion caused by SCC is often asymptomatic. Reddish skin blotches that are slowly growing is another sign. If the tumor continuously bleeds especially on the lip, that is another symptom you could look for. Usually the tumor shows as an ulcerated lesion with hard raised edges. Also your tumor grows relatively slowly. A way for SCC to be treated is by surgery. If the doctor diagnoses the cancer they will quickly take you to get it removed. It is almost always curable and it causes minimal damage. But if it

We retrospectively analyzed the treatment charts of patients of HNSCC treated at our institute from 2006 to 2014. A total of 5000 cases were registered during this period. Patients of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (Oral cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, Larynx) under the age of 20 years were taken up for analysis.

In the United States alone, an estimated 34,360 people received a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in 2007; of these, 7,550 (5,180 men and 2,370 women) died. On average, more than 25% of people who develop oropharyngeal cancer will die of the disease, with only 60% surviving for more than 5 years. In fact, oropharyngeal cancer is as common as leukemia and claims more lives than either melanoma or cervical cancer. Since the mid-1970s, oropharyngeal cancer rates have increased approximately 15%, with significant disparities in some population groups. For instance, oropharyngeal cancer prevalence is significantly higher in males than in females. Prevalence is also higher in Hispanic and black males than it is in white males. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer increases with age, and occurrence is highest in persons older than 50 years and peaks between ages 60 and 70 years. However, there has been a startling 5-fold increase in the incidence of oral cancer in patients younger than 40 years, many of whom have no known risk factors. HPV is associated with 15% to 35% of head and neck cancers worldwide. Fifty percent to 90% of OSCCs in the pharynx, tonsil, and tongue are HPV-positive. Chaturvedi and colleagues investigated the impact of HPV on the

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a locally invasive tumor of the epidermal keratinocytes. The skins upper layers, also known as the epidermis, is composed of squamous cells, when they become abnormal, they grow uncontrollably. SCCs appear as scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growth with a central depression. If untreated, they grow and either become disfigured or die. SCC is caused by extensive exposure to UV light that comes from the suns rays over a long period of time. They may occur on all areas of the body but are usually found on areas that are most exposed to the sun on a daily basis. SCC is normally treated with surgical excision with wide margins of skin that appears normal to ensure that the tumor has been successfully removed.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas are rapid in growth and are not due to sunlight exposure. Refusal to eat due to the tumors on the tongue and/or surrounding gums, drooling, bad breath, and swollen lymph nodes, are symptoms. Oral carcinoma’s needs to be diagnosed early. If not, the prognoses is not good and death is eminent.

However, more recent genetic studies suggested that multiple cancers can be clonally related and derived from expansion of an original clone. These results gave rise to a modification of cancerization field theory, the patch field carcinoma model, in which a stem cell located in the oral epithelium acquires a genetic alteration and generates daughter cells, all of which share the genetic alteration. This patch of cells expands to a size of several centimeters to the surrounding oral mucosa and macroscopically is often undetectable. In some instances it may appear with distinct morphological characteristics, like leukoplakia or

Esophageal carcinoma, the eighth most common cancer in the world, includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (Sun, Lin, Chen, Liang, &Hsieh, 2015; American Cancer Society, 2015). Squamous cell carcinoma is simply damaged esophageal cells; however, adenocarcinoma occurs when glandular cells replace squamous cells in the esophagus (American Cancer Society, 2015). While squamous cell carcinoma was once the most common form of esophageal carcinoma in the United States, adenocarcinoma has taken its place with speculation placed towards the increase of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (Baldwin, 2015). These two manifestations of cancer account for approximately 90% of diagnosed esophageal cancers, while the remaining 10% of esophageal

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma are different from other head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in its epidemiology, natural history, pathology and response to treatment ( Yu et al ., 2000 , Yuan et al ., 2000 and Hsu et al ., 2000)

Respiratory cancer pertains to any cancer that affects any part of the respiratory system such as the lungs, trachea, larynx, and bronchus (U.S. Respiratory Cancer, 2014). Symptoms of each type vary and depend on the location of the cancer. Some symptoms of lung cancer and cancer of the bronchus include a cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Likewise some characteristics in cancer of the larynx are hoarseness, voice changes, sore throat, and feeling of a lump in the throat (Public Health, 2015). These three are the most common forms of respiratory cancer. However, out of those three forms Lung and Bronchus cancer has a significantly higher amount of deaths and cases in comparison to Laryngeal cancer. In 2013, it was estimated there were 163,890 respiratory system related deaths for both sexes. In comparison to other cancers, it accounted for the highest amount of estimated deaths even though it 's estimated new cases were not the highest (see fig.1). In this paper I will specifically discuss Laryngeal cancer, its cell type/location, incidence/prognosis, screening, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors/prevention, and current research on Laryngeal cancer.

The purpose of the study and final conclusion do not match. In the study purpose it was mentioned that, oral cavity lesions could be indicative of palpable disease and/or recurrence of myeloma however in the conclusion it was stated that, “oral cavity lesions can be the first sign of recurrence or progression of multiple myeloma”.1

Cancer is a growing health problem around the world. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are more than 10 million cases of cancer per year worldwide and the disease causes over six million deaths a year (Jemal et al., 2009). By 2020, it is projected that there will be approximately 15 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer deaths per year (Petersen, 2008). Oral cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. It is the world’s 11th most common human neoplasm and account for 3% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases with estimated 400,000 new cases annually (Parkin et al., 2005). Oral cancer mortality has risen and is among the largest recorded for any common neoplasm (Vecchia, 2004). Consequently, oral cancer incidence in Malaysia has been increasing with an increasing number of