Organic Chemistry Lab

1. What new concepts or theories have you learned about after completing this lab activity?

6-3: This process is used by cells to manufacture _biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products__

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Abstract: One mixture of two unknown liquid compounds and one mixture of two unknown solid compounds were separated, isolated, purified, and characterized by boiling point. Two liquid unknowns were separated, isolated, and purified via simple distillation. Then, the process of an acid-base extraction and washing were used to separate two unknown compounds into two crude compounds: an organic acid and a neutral organic compound. Each crude compound was purified by recrystallization, resulting in a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and a pure organic compound (RZ). The resulting mass of the pure carboxylic acid was 1.688g with a percent recovery of 31.80%, the boiling range was 244-245 °C, and its density was 2.0879g/mL. The resulting mass of the pure organic solid was 2.4902g with a percent recovery of 46.91%, the boiling range was 52.0-53.4°C, and its density was 1.5956 g/mL.

Day 1. Michael was coming home for vacation from college. When he got home he found out that

Substances A and B have an appearance of a white solid like. Substances A and B were put into a test tube and on the Bunsen burner. As a result, B melted faster than A. A was slow to melt. The reason why B melted faster than A is because it has a lower boiling point than substance A which made it melt faster. It also shows that A needs more energy than B to be broken down.

3.6.1. BAP (Benzyl amino purine) stock solution (2mg/ml): 20mg of BAP being weighed and dissolved completely in 1N NaOH to a final total volume of 10 ml with autoclaved double distilled water to obtain a stock concentration of 2mg/ml was prepared and stored in clean autoclaved vials at -4°C.

11.Describe the three different types of bonds, providing examples of molecules formed through each type of bond. (3 points)

In experiment 3.11, we found out whether or not a larger amount of a liquid would get hotter when it boils. To answer this, we heated a specific amount of unknown liquid and recorded the temperature every fifteen seconds. In our scatter plot, we were able to find the boiling point of our liquid. We know that the slope of our graphs is when the liquid molecules were moving around and heating up. The plateau of our graph points is where the liquid started to evaporate and boil. This is were we found our boiling point at. Shantel and I decided that our boiling point was about 98º Celsius. If you had another slope in your graph, that was when you were simply heating the leftover gas. The histogram showed us that there were about equal amounts of data in the higher temperature (about 95º Celsius) bins for both 20mL of liquid and 10mL of liquid. Also, in the lower temperature bins (75º to 80º Celsius) there was about equal amount of data for 20mL of liquid and 10mL of liquid. There was 7 pieces of data for 10mL of liquid in the lower bins, and 6 pieces of data for 20mL of liquid. If a larger amount of liquid did have a higher boiling point, the clusters would be organized by volumes or amount. For example, all of the 20mL pieces of data would be in the higher temperature bins, and all of the 10mL pieces of data would be in the lower temperature bins or flipped. Rather, the bins were clustered by identity. The boiling point is a characteristic property.

In this lab we are going to be working on chemistry and a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is when two or more chemical meet each other causing a change or reaction to the chemicals being mixed. We are going to do a chemical reaction ourselves, we are going to Represent this chemical reaction with milk, food coloring and dish soap. When you see this chemical reaction known as a non-polar molecule, although this is not an explosion or an over flow due to gas and pressure causing a mess, it is still really interesting to see and it is simple. Well going through this experiment, I want you to ask and answer why the food coloring travels away from the dish soap and what role

There may also be sections where the secondary structure is neither helix nor sheet. Then the structure is called a random structure, indicating that it folds in random directions. The amino acids in an alpha helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure resembling a spring. The alpha helix is the most common form of regular secondary structure in proteins. The beta-sheet is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. The beta-sheet is sometimes called the beta pleated sheet since sequential neighboring atoms are alternately above and below the plane of the sheet giving a pleated appearance. Turns are the third of the three "classical" secondary structures that serve to reverse the direction of the polypeptide chain. They are located primarily on the protein surface and accordingly contain polar and charged residues. However, they are not very common in discussions of protein structure today.

Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.

Bond of Union has Two-dimensional shapes seem three-dimensional as they surround the hollow form of the heads. The swirls

The structure of a protein is a complex and dense arrangement, consisting of four levels of understanding. Firstly, the primary structure is simply the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. This determines the rest of the protein structure. After this, the primary structure can fold into an alpha helix and a Beta pleated sheet. Many hydrogen bonds between the chain make it a stable and strong structure. Next is the tertiary structure, which is the most important in terms of specificity, as every protein has a unique tertiary structure, which is responsible for its properties and function. Weak hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bridges hold this structure together. Finally, the quaternary structure

When we just look at the molecular formula, we don’t know how the atoms are arranged within a molecule. Different arrangements of atoms are possible in one formula and these are called structural isomers, which we will focus on for this lesson.