Organic Extraction Distillation Process With Abe Extraction

Lactic acid fermentation: Plant and fungal cells produce alcohol as a result of fermentation and animal cells produce lactic acid

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a clear, colorless liquid. It is also known as ethyl alcohol, EtOH, and grain alcohol. Ethanol is widely produced by processing grains such as corn or starch and sugar crops. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast and different enzymes to turn the grain 's starches into alcohol(EPA). A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, basically the same process a whiskey maker would use to make whiskey. Of course, law mandates that a denaturant is added, making the liquid unsafe for drinking. In the process, waste grain is produced and sold as farm animal feed. Bioethanol, can be made from many types of trees and grasses, but the procedure is much harder. The chemical formula of ethanol is the same whether it is made from starch and sugar-based feedstocks, such as corn grain (widely used in United States), sugar cane (Brazil), or from cellulosic feedstocks (such as wood chips or crop residues). (The Alternative Fuels Data Center)

From 1992 to 2005, the most popular oxygenate for gasoline was Methyl Tert Butyl Ether,

First. We weight the 10-ml graduated cylinder and record the data for 37.87g. Then put 5ml isopentyl alcohol and weight it with the 10-ml graduated cylinder for 41.94g. So, we get the isopentyl alcohol weight is 4.07g. Then, we also weight 7ml glacial acetic acid and put it into the 10-ml graduated cylinder. We add 1-ml sulfuric acid and put it into the 10-ml graduated cylinder too. After we mix all of the liquid, we put a boiling stone in the flask. Next, we good connection device like the picture. Then heating under reflux. Before reflux, we should check it. First, we should wait until the liquid began to boil and the color was changing to brown. Then, continue to heat for 75 minutes. After 75 minutes, we stop it. And we need to cool the liquid to the room temperature. Then we ready 10ml ice water to cool the liquid. After cooling it, we put the liquid in the separatory funnel. And we should add 5ml saturated aqueous sodium to separate it. After first separate it. Then add 5ml saturated aqueous sodium chloride to separate it. Then transfer the liquid to a 25-ml round-bottom flask. After one week, we first weight the sample mass. Then put our sample to another group’s graduated cylinder. And weight the combine mass. Then put the sample into a distillation unit. To begin the distillation and record the boiling point range. And we should also weight the mass after distillation. We can calculate the percentage yield.

There were higher chances of separating two components fully if more fractions were used. As indicated in data tables 1 and 3, approximately 91% of ethyl acetate and about 99% of butyl acetate composition indicates that the distillation was quiet an efficient and successful. The butyl acetate has a very high boiling point and longer retention time because of its more Van der Waals interactions.

Figs. 5(b) and (c) show the CO and THC emissions from the combustion of the four fuels under different BMEPs. The CO emissions from the combustion of all the four fuels decreased gradually with increasing BMEP. Under a small BMEP, the combustion temperature was generally low, and the CO emissions mainly came from the combustion in the cylinder low-temperature regions [43]; as the BMEP increased, the in-cylinder temperature increased and the CO emissions decreased. It can also be observed that CO emissions increased after the addition of n-butanol to pure diesel. This happens because n-butanol has a low cetane number and shows poor combustibility, and a larger portion of over-thin gas mixture was formed before the combustion, thus the combustion

Alcoholic fermentation: Chemical: C6H1206 + 2CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2. Glucose – Alcohol Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

Bauer, J., Burton, J., Christopher, K., Bauer, B., & Ritchie, R. (n.d.). Ethanol Production in Yeast According to Sugar Type. Retrieved October 29, 2017, from https://undergradsciencejournals.okstate.edu/index.php/jibi/article/view/3381

The metabolic pathway of various clostridia (C. acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii and C. pasteurianum) is very similar (Zheng et al., 2009). The broadly studied clostridium species (C. acetobutylicum) produces three major classes of end products during fermentation such as (a) solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol); (b) organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid and lactic acid); (c) gases (carbon dioxide, and hydrogen). The biosynthesis of acetone, butanol, and ethanol share the same metabolic pathway as that of glucose to acetyl-CoA, but branches into different pathways thereafter (Fig. 5-1http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10295-009-0609-9/fulltext.html - Fig1).

Butanol is an aliphatic alcohol with a four-carbon structure and the molecular formula of C4H10O, the general structure is shown below. There are four isomeric structures for butanol; 1-butanol (or n-butanol), iso-butanol, 2- butanol and tert-butanol. With the exception of tert-butanol, the isomers occur naturally as a product of fermentation of carbohydrates. Compared to diesel, butanol is a better fuel alternative because the CO2 output is lower than that of diesel, the energy output is -, and there are less pollutants formed by butanol.

Alcohols are being considered as modern day fuels because they are cheap to manufacture and some can be made in labs. There are four main alcohols that are especially being taken into consideration as alternative fuel sources. These four include: Ethanol, Methanol, Propanol and Butanol. The reason that these four have been considered is because A) They can me chemically/Biologically synthesized in a Lab, B) There are properties within these fuels that can be used within modern day engines, and C) These four fuels also have a high octane rating. The octane rating of a fuel refers to how much compression a fuel can go through before it ignites by its self. The reason this makes such a big difference within engines, is because when fuels self-ignite because they have been compressed too much, it can cause “knocking” which can damage the engine and also because it means that the fuel is more efficient and therefore you can get more kilometres per litre/KJ per Mol.

Alcohol fermentation is the process of glucose being broken down by yeast (and some bacteria) to produce ethyl alcohol, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules. In lab, we first studied the effect that various concentrations of sucrose, the substrate, and temperature has on the rate of fermentation.

In Figure 2, the order of decreasing rates of vaporization for the straight chain alcohols, respectively, are methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol. And, in Figure 3, the order of decreasing rates of vaporization for the three structural isomers of butanol, respectively, are tert-butanol, sec-butanol, 1-butanol.

EROW Division’s butyl plant is located in Antwerp, Belgium. Built in 1964 as a regular butyl unit, the plant was modified in 1979/80 to allow it to produce halobutyl as well as regular butyl. This division has been successful since 1982. They increased shares in the high growth halobutyl market and simple and compact operation also facilitates their success. Moreover, the strategies they used improve the efficiency of the operation.

Oranges are an appreciated fruit with a high productivity, approximately 17,618,450 tons annually, with some potential as a source for distilled fruit spirits.1 Fruit spirits are produced all over the world using various fruits, according to the availability in different countries and seasons. However, the first step in producing a distilled spirit is the fermentation of the orange under optimal conditions. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that breaks down glucose when normal, aerobic cellular respiration is not possible. Anaerobic cellular respiration, similar to aerobic cellular respiration, extract electrons from a fuel molecule and passes it through an electron transport chain that drives ATP synthesis. The process of