Organic Solvents And Nonpolar Solvents

Samples of benzophenone, malonic acid, and biphenyl were each tested with water, methyl alcohol, and hexane. Benzophenone was insoluble in water as it is nonpolar while water is highly polar. Benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol, dissolving in 15 seconds, because methyl alcohol is intermediately polar as benzophenone is nonpolar. Methyl alcohol is polar but not as much as water. Thus, the nonpolar benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol. Benzophenone was partially soluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar as is benzophenone. Thus, benzophenone was dissolved in hexane. Malonic acid was soluble in water because both malonic acid and water are polar. It took 25 seconds for malonic acid to dissolve in water. Malonic acid was soluble in methyl alcohol because malonic acid is polar and methyl alcohol is intermediately polar, allowing malonic acid to dissolve in the methanol in 15 seconds. Malonic acid was insoluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar while malonic acid is polar. Biphenyl was insoluble in water as water is highly polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar. Biphenyl was partially soluble in methanol which is intermediately polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar, allowing it to dissolve a little. Biphenyl was soluble in hexane because both biphenyl and hexane are nonpolar molecules. Biphenyl dissolved in hexane in 10 seconds.

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

Results: No substantial qualitative data was collected, except that the original reaction mixture turned a purple color. Upon the addition of anise oil and heat, the reaction mixture turned a brown color. And with the addition of NaHSO3 the mixture turned a white color. The mass of the final product sample was measured to be 0.08g (see Calculation 1). The melting point range for this sample was 172.8-185.4ºC in Trial 1 and 171.6-185.2ºC in Trial 2 (see Table 1). The IR spectrum of anise oil can be found attached. Peaks appear to exist at 3022.86, 3002.41, 2957.58, 2933.88, 2912.63, 2834.94, and 2723.19 (cm-1). Another set of peaks appear to exist at 1608.06, 1510.55, 1464.73, 1441.16, 1306.3, 1283.06, 1247.18, 1174.78, 1036.26, 964.58, 839.29, and 787.03 (cm-1). No other significant quantitative results were collected.

Glycerol is ranked higher than water because it is more polar than water due to it having a stronger intermolecular force and it’s also being more viscous. Water is ranked higher than Isopropyl Alcohol because the water is harder to separate while the isopropyl alcohol is looser. But also the water is more polar than the isopropyl alcohol because the water does not have non-polar carbon-carbon

Fats are soluble in non-polar substances because they have large non-polar regions, making them have a low polarity, and ‘like-dissolves-like’.

• Phenols are weak organic acids and more soluble in organic solvent than in water.

This means that water is a strong polar solvent, ethanol is a weak polar solvent, vegetable oil is solvent, and glycerol is nonpolar as well. NaCl has an ionic bond as well as KCl and NaI, and I2 and Camphor consist of covalent bonds. This information explains why certain solutes were able to dissolve in other solvents. These ideas agree with the purpose, in the sense that finding the types of bonds of a solute is dependent on the polarity of the

For example FA such as oleic acid (OA) are completely nonpolar whereas glycerophospholipids such as PTC are polar due to the presence of the phosphate and choline molecules. These innate differences in polarity means that lipids have different solubility in polar and non-polar solvents. This property of the lipids was exploited in order to strategically isolate them by the method of solvent fractionation. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique was used to identify the types of lipids found in the adipose and brain tissue. These differential polarities in lipids enable partitioning in the stationary and mobile phases of the TLC.

Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins. Cell membranes are “selectively permeable. Some solutes cross the membrane freely, some cross with assistance and others do not cross at all.” When the cell membrane is damaged, the cell will not be able to control what crosses the membrane and the cell will leak. Chemicals can damage a cell membrane and cause increased permeability.

When performing the separation of a mixture, it is important to note the different physical and chemical properties of the individual substances in the mixture, such as polarity (polar and nonpolar) and solubility. Also important to take into consideration is the elemental composition and chemical makeup of the substances being manipulated. In this experiment, water and ethyl acetate are the two solvents given to be used to dissolve in the mixture. The water, being polar, will dissolve in other polar substances, whereas the ethyl acetate, being nonpolar, will dissolve in nonpolar substances. A concept to keep in mind is that “like dissolve like.”

Castor oil hydrolysis generates lipolysate containing unique hydroxy fatty acid and glycerol as major products. Although various methods for isolating this hydroxy fatty acid i.e. ricinoleic acid (RA) have been reviewed, there is a need for development of a industrious separation methodology. In this regard, chromatography method based on a non-aqueous ion exchange was explored to separate RA and glycerol. The anionic ion exchange resins having styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer as matrix base and tertiary or quaternary amino as functional groups facilitated selective adsorption of RA. The studies on adsorbent screening, adsorbent amount and initial concentration of RA were systemically carried out. The parameters such as ratio of tert-butanol:Water,

Based on the lab’s results, lipids are soluble in both Acetone and Methanol. However, they are more soluble in the Acetone, and only slightly soluble in the Methanol. Because of the chemical structures, this makes sense, since lipids are insoluble in polar solvents (like methanol), but are very soluble in non-polar organic solvents, such as acetone (Hunt).

A soap consists of the polar carboxyl group and the long chain of non-polar carbons. The type of fat or oil depends on the length of the carbon chain, this affects the cleaning and solubility of the soap. The longer the carbon chain the harder it is to dissolve the soap which is not very good at cleaning. Soaps dissolve or dissociation in water because the polar end of the soap interacts with water, which is also polar. [4] Detergents are structured in the same way soaps are, one end is hydrophilic, polar, and one end is hydrophobic, nonpolar. Detergents consist of a carbon chain and a negatively charged sulfate end. The whole structure of the detergent is negatively charged because the charge on the sulfate group. [4] Information regarding the chemical synthesis of the soaps and detergents were found from outside sources and provided vital information on

As of late, a lot of intrigue has been focussed on lipid based carries systems. The most prevalent approach is the fuse of the active poorly water dissolvable part into inert lipid vehicles, for example, oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, micro emulsions, Nano emulsions, self-emulsifying plans (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying formulations, and liposomes.

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focussed on lipid based carrier systems. The most popular approach is the incorporation of the active poorly water soluble component into inert lipid vehicles such as oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, micro emulsions, Nano emulsions, self-emulsifying formulations (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying formulations, and liposomes.