Organisational Behaviour

4. Briefly describe the elements of the formal and the informal organization. Give examples of each.

The hierarchy of needs was first introduced by Abraham Maslow and he believed that all humans have needs and that we all strive to fulfil these needs. Maslow organised these needs and labelled them deficiency needs and growth needs, in order to move onto the next set of needs he believed that they must be at the very least partially achieved. The first set of needs are the basic set of needs to stay alive for example food, water and security and then safety and security for example stability and not fearing for your life, and then love and belonging which allows us to build relationships and giving or receiving acceptance and love. The next set of needs is Esteem, this relates to respect and independence, these needs are deficit needs. The needs which need to be met after these needs are growth needs, these consist of cognitive and aesthetic needs, self-actualisation and transcendence which is all about realising your full potential and to experience meaning and beauty. (Miller and Gibb,

Once that need is fulfilled there is no need for the behavior. The criticism for Maslow’s theory is that measurement of satisfaction of needs is impossible and whether people have been devoid of basic needs, it does not stop them from the pursuit of self-actualization. (Heylighen, Francis (1992) A Cognitive-systemic Reconstruction of Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization. P[47]).

These demands are ranked in the order that they most preoccupy the individual. To illustrate, an individual is not preoccupied by physiological needs such as hunger or thirst then he free to seek out that which gives him a sense of safety; moreover, if the individual isn’t preoccupied with finding a safety, warmth, and shelter, he can spend time time seeking out companionship (Huitt, 2007). Maslow proposes 8 levels of motivational needs, the first four, termed the deficiency needs, need to be fulfilled adequately before the second four, the growth needs, can be achieved. The deficiency needs are: bodily needs, the need for safety, social needs, and self esteem. The Growth needs are: the search for understanding, the need to be aesthetically pleased, self actualization, and finally, self-transcendence, which is the highest level, where one has acquired wisdom (Huitt

a need is being creating where no problem existed before, namely the desirability of a

Organizational behavior is the study on how organizational structures affect behavior of its employees within the organization. Organizational systems is the structure that an organizations uses to organize its functions and assign responsibility to its employees. Organizational behavior in any criminal justice organization is how the superiors and the employees relate

Abraham Maslow stated that humans are driven by biologically established needs, which he identifies as deficiency needs (basic) and growth needs (meta) (The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, 2017). As most theories, the theory of self-actualization theory is based on stages to pass from one to another. The Maslow 's theory is often displayed as a pyramid where the lowest level that has to be fulfilled before any other upper level are the basic needs and the complex needs are at the top of the pyramid. In addition, Maslow contends that these self-actualizing individuals are highly creative and demonstrate a capacity to resolve dichotomies inherent in ultimate contraries, such as life versus death and freedom versus determinism, as examples (Olson, 2013).

As stated further by Maslow, there are five levels in the need hierarchy, which are physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization and they are very often of unconscious nature and can be at certain times reserved. Unfortunately, there are not too many who are capable of reaching self-actualization and the ones who will are very creative and acknowledge the world very accurately. An individual however is always aware of the fact that he or she has possesses a choice and therefore he or she has the ability to influence their behavior and personality at anytime (Cloninger, 2008).

Physiological needs, such as food and shelter, are followed by needs related to safety. Next, there are needs of love and belonging. Fourth, humans have needs of esteem, such as the need for being respected. The final need in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization (fulfilling one's potential). The hierarchy suggests that basic needs must be met prior to less basic needs; for example, a starving person will seek food before self-actualization.”(Maslow,

Lastly there is effort-performance expectancy, which states that every behavior has associated with it a certain probability of success. With this concept we all needed to understand that our efforts would be rewarded with donations. Once we started to receive donations we used this as motivation to get more.

Expectancy Theory: People exert a high level of effort when (1) he or she believes that effort will lead to a good performance appraisal, (2) that a good appraisal will lead to rewards, and (3)

Alderfer explains that as one move up the ladder, the more difficult it becomes to achieve needs at that level. For example, the complexity of satisfying relatedness needs at the work place is intensified by differences of individual needs. This is because people working together at any institution, are at different stages of fulfillment or regression. Some may be aiming at the big shot while others may be striving to achieve existence needs. It is therefore very important for managers to address the three needs so as to alleviate any impending conflict among workers. Some workers may be more inclined to growth needs than existence or relatedness needs; providing a platform for their growth is therefore very necessary to avert depression.

Maslow’s accepted hierarchy of needs suggests that the physical, social, and emotional needs of an individual must be first met in order that he can become “self-actualizing”. Consequently, in the field of teaching, one can only become productive, efficient and effective if his basic needs are attained. Another theory that may support this study on the interconnectedness of the different aspects of man is the Alderfer’s ERG theory. In his ERG theory, Alderfer proposed three human needs, which include existence, growth, and relatedness. He explained that the existence refers to the needs satisfied by such factors as food, air and water, pay, and working conditions while growth needs are those that satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions. According to Alderfer, relatedness is the need satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationships. Man is basically a social being; thus he needs to interact and build harmonious relationships with other

A.H. Maslow, a famous social scientist, has given a framework that helps to explain the strength of certain needs. According to him, there seems to a hierarchy into which human needs are arranged as shown in Figure.

Motivation is one of the most discussed topics in the present era’s organisations, especially since renowned psychologists like Maslow and Herzberg are dedicating their efforts to understanding it. Companies are investing a significant amount of resources in improving productivity in order to maximise profits. One of these important resources is of human nature. In order to get the very best out of employees, some motivational approaches need to be used. But what is motivation and how do I successfully motivate? I will try to relate one of my personal experiences with a friend to some of the most influential motivational theories. After introducing my story and making a definition of motivation I will address the ideas of Taylor,