Organisations are Socially Constructed Phenomena

In the beginning of the twenty century, classical management theory was proposed. This classical management theory maintains labours’ high level specialization, centralized decision making, as well as maximize profit. (www.businessdictioary.com ) The main two thoughts of classical theory are bureaucracy and scientific management. Nowadays some people argue that the classical management theory is no longer suitable for modern world and they are outmoded because of the business environment has changed. This management theory is not that feasible since it is inflexible and dehumanized which should be modified. However, there is another voice that classical management theory is the foundation of numerous modern management methods, so it is not out of date and it just need some improvement. The aim of this essay is to discuss two kinds of classical theory bureaucracy and scientific management theory and demonstrate that they are not out of date and they develop into the cornerstone of some modern management theories.

Classical approach was made by Henry Fayol in the 18th century. This theory is more about the method of performing a work rather than the personality of the workers in an organization. Henry Fayol took birth in a town in France in 1841 then he got his degree in mining engineering and he started working in a coal company as an engineer.Henry Fayol was known as the “Father of Management Studies and Thoughts”. The reasons he was known for the same are:

The classical theorists focused greatly improve the efficiency in the production of the organizations so that there is a desire to reduce costs. Production to expand the market for their goods and services the classical theory is the rational target and the output of the organization.

All over the world, people were trying to find a solution to the organisational problem. Trying to increase efficiency in a way that is fair to both the employer and the employee. From this need for a one best way, the Classical Approach was born. Named because it reflected on the system that was in place beforehand except leaving more room to experiment to achieve maximum efficiency by establishing principles. Although the rules of the classic approach are not static there are 3 common points amongst

Classical organizational theory originated in the first half of the 20th century. This theory concentrated on formal organizations and ideas to increase efficiency in their management. This theory merged together the scientific, bureaucratic and administrative theories. Relative to structure, this theory was constructed on a hierarchical structure dividing workers based on functionality with various reporting paths on every working unit. That is, workers report to their respective manager(s) for their tasks as well as disciplinary matters. This theory puts the manager/owner of the organization in total control over the workers. Furthermore, this theory employed enabling technologies to increase efficiency. The classical

Organizations have become important social institutions that affect nearly everyone's life in one way or another. However, there are many different perspectives that can be used in understanding these organizations. Theorists have produced many different ideas about the best vantage point in which to try to understand how an organization functions. Furthermore, it is important for leaders in the organization to understand these theories so that they can tailor their own concepts and theories and the organizations in which they are members of. This translates in the need for multiple perspectives to be used in the pursuit of understanding an organization and how it functions.

By definition an organisation is an organised group of people whom of which all have their own purpose and responsibilities all done to achieve one mutual goal, to succeed. In the book ‘Images of an Organisation’ the author shows how some organisations can be compared to the similarities of things such as

This is an individual assignment; all assignments must be word-processed using Times New Roman(12 point )and line space 1.5; 1000-1500 words are required; a word account is required at the end of the essay; Secondary sources should be acknowledged using the Harvard referencing system.

SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION OF NANJING UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IMPORTANT: YOUR ASSIGNMENT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED FOR ASSESSMENT WITHOUT THE COVERING SHEETS! BTEC HNC/HND PROGRAMME:Organisations and Behaviour |UNIT NO. 3 |Unit level:H1 | |UNIT TITLE ORGANISATIONS AND BEHAVIOUR |ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 | TO BE COMPLETED BY THE STUDENT: NAME OF STUDENT:(Chinese)_______________________ (Pin Yin)

The organisational structure used in a company is intended to form relationships, motivate, increase productivity, co ordinate and provide direction between employees. According to the business dictionary (2013), an organisational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights, and duties of an organisation. It determines how roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled and coordinated and how information flows between different levels of management. A structure depends on the organisation’s objectives and strategy. There are many influences on an organisation’s structure, some of which are: its size, task, staff, age, its culture and management style and its legal,

The overall purpose of developing the management theories is to bring out better ways to manage people. According to Aguinaldo & Powell (2002), management theory evolves con-stantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa. As essential personnel identify promising methods that assist in managing responsibilities, it will lead to management theories progressing. This paper will il-lustrate how management theories have emerged over the years and it will point out the primary reason why it has prospered.

Since its early days, management has been studied by various theorists and has provided scholars with much to study and discuss. Early principles were developed and expounded upon. Research and studies allowed the field to grow and evolve as improvements and new discoveries were made. Theorists soon discovered the complexity of management and that there was no single way to manage all people or circumstances. This observation led theorists to research various methods to bring a level of flexibility into management.

The "Human Relations" approach is associated with the work of E Mayo and F Roethlisberger. Immediately, we can see a difference between the ideas of Taylor and Fayol and those of Mayo as they are even classified differently. In order to explain how these managerial ideas differ, I will first explain what those ideas were.

Management has been present in human society dating back to Sumerian temples and the building of the pyramids. However, it was not until early 1900s that the practice of management was given theoretic approaches. Five key management theories have been developed since then: scientific management, structural approach, human relations, systems approach, and contingency. Each approach was developed and influenced by the time period making a significant impact even on today’s modern management principles.

In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each