Origin And Nature Of Anthrax

Anthrax is a fatal infection of the skin, respiratory system, or gastroineutinal systems. Affects most animals that are herbivores. The life cycle of anthrax starts with the animal and when the animal dies, the diseases sits on the soil while the other mammals eat the grass from that spot. Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine for his sheep to prevent them from getting anthrax which led other doctors and scientist to acknowledge

People of the Old World had domesticated pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle(1), which had acted as pathogens to infect the Europeans with diseases. In addition, diseases were constantly circulated with centuries of war, exploration, and city building. During the process of natural selection, disease-intolerant

In “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas,” the authors point out that there were two channels in the transfer of food crops. One are unknown tropical spcies from the New World, which has affected on the growth of local cuisines. They are rich in calories and improving taste and vitamin intake. Otherwise, the Old World also brought certain crops. America gave a plenty of land that helped response the high food demand, and became the main supplies for Old World markets. In this way, they unknowingly carried many Old World diseases, such as smallpox, meales, and other diseases. They were unfamiliar to the Native America and they never had developed immunity to such disease. By the early 1600’s, the population of Indians decreased nearly 90%. Furthermore, Columbus’ sailors encountered sexually with native women Indians so that they brought the deadly bacteria unwittingly back to Europe. This reason led slavery system traded from Africa for labor requirement for cotton and tobacco plantation

But it was difficult for them to grow and store crops, so most traded with farming communities at the edge of their grazing lands. The pastoralists would exchange livestock products for agricultural produce and manufactured goods. This way, pastoralists gradually created far-reaching systems of trade that from Siberia to India and from China to the Mediterranean. With the spread of pastoralism, Inner Eurasia now had channels of communication across Eurasia.

infection not only hit the humans but animals were also able to contract it. Not many people

Some major items that were processed was technology, farming, and weapons. People in this day of age now were becoming more advanced in creating technology for farming and travel. Some other important exchanges were animals and plants which helped people spread the use of animals for different jobs and plants for growing all sorts of foods. Of course, those are most of the positive exchanges that happened, but what was also traded were diseases. I do not know if they knew that these diseases would travel with them and especially at high levels, but it did and impacted several thousands of people. This exchange had many things that changed peoples lives forever and we can start with some of the more positive consequences of

The new contact between the worldwide populace flowed a wide assortment of products and domesticated animals, which bolstered increments

Many years ago, there was a world drift that carried the Old and New Worlds apart, which made a split between the North and South. The separation lasted so long it caused the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers had their artificial establishment of connections through the Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, which was known as the Columbian Exchange. The exchange is the ecological events of the past millennium.The Columbian Exchange had a widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture including slaves, diseases, and ideas between the eastern and western hemispheres. The exchange was the most significant event concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in history. The Europeans were the first who touched the shores of the Americas. Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic. The New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. Americas did not have horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, or animals of the Old World. The New World had no relations with the animals that were part of the Old World. The New World did not have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s populations of humans and creatures like chickens, cattle and mosquitoes. There were the germs that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza and malaria.

century trade routes, this was the underlying causing factor in the spread of disease. The

“Bioterrorism remains a major threat for the United States despite more than $65 billion spent on protecting the country from myriad dangers, the Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center said in its latest report Wednesday. The center's Bio-Response Report Card evaluated U.S. preparedness for countering threats from bioterrorism and found the country remains vulnerable to multiple threats and "largely unprepared for a large-scale bioterrorist attack."”(UPI.com, 2011). There have been over a dozen leading U.S. bio-defense experts that have taken part in figuring out where we are exactly as a county and what the effects of a terroristic attack

Animals were also brought to the New World some consisting of “horses, cattle, sheep, and goats,” all having to do with Old World origins (Crosby). Many of the pathogens introduced to the New World from the Old World physically affected many of the changes that make up the Columbian Exchange itself. Because the indigenous people had no previous contact with diseases from the Old World they were “immunologically defenseless” (Nunn and Qian). With the exchange of diseases, many of the indigenous people living in the Americas were killed off, leaving not enough people to cultivate enough goods in order for trade to prosper. Among these diseases were “smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever” (Crosby). This led to the introduction of the triangular slave trade. While discovering the Americas, Europe had been exploring other parts of the world too. Europeans used Africans from Africa to work in the Americas, because of the low population densities, for low wage income and to cultivate the goods that were later taken to Europe. This allowed more inter-connectedness of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres even though they were mostly dominated by

“Even if medieval doctors had understood its source, eliminating the rats and fleas that thrived on urban refuse would have been difficult” (The Earth and Its People pg 309). After the death toll started growing rapidly ports started closing and countries started closing their borders, which led to people not receiving things they needed and halting trade along the Silk Road and other trade routes.

livestock in Americas except they had wild animals. The humans in the old had germs which were like smallpox,

Anthrax is a very dangerous bacteria. In these crimes, anthrax was mailed to people and when they opened the letter, anthrax would spill out from the envelope and contaminate the environment, making people very sick.

The most commonly used disease used as a weapon is Anthrax. Anthrax is a deadly disease that infects your skin and internal body organs. Anthrax can be caused by contact, inhalation and injection. Symptoms that are caused are skin blisters, fever, chest pain, shortage of breath, nausea and vomiting. 95% of cases are skin infections. Depending on the form of infection death can be as high as an 80% chance. Most common causes of infection are when animals eat infected plants and humans eat the infected animals . The deadliest bio weapon is Smallpox. Smallpox is an mass killing infection that has crazy symptoms and a high death rate. Symptoms include bumps all over the skin with a thick and opaque fluid often with a depression or dimple in the