Original Writing : Sister Callista Roy

Through the nursing process, patients are assisted in adapting, or coping, to changes within their environments. The process begins with an assessment of the patient’s adaptive behavior as well as stimuli in the external and internal environments. Based on these evaluations, the nurse develops nursing diagnoses and interventions to guide goal setting and increase successful adaptations or coping mechanisms (Chitty & Black, 2007). Simply stated, the nurse modifies the environment to promote and facilitate patient adaptation and restore balance.

This paper is being submitted on January 17, 2017, for Eugenie Cook’s Fundamentals of Professional Nursing course.

Each person is only one of a kind. According to Alligood (2010), The person is the patient with the unmet needs, and the nurse will use the deliberate nursing process to meet the needs of the patient. This process will be done by the nurse’s observation verbal and nonverbal cues (p. 340). The patient will be the center of care and will be a part of the care delivery and input.

They serve as a framework for clinical assessment and can be applied to the individual, family, and community. Through this framework, data is collected and assessed, allowing for the application of nursing diagnoses and interventions that encompass a holistic view of the client. There are 11 patterns, and within each pattern there are four focal areas.

When delivering care to a patient, their wellbeing includes more than just their physical state; patient’s wellbeing also contributes to their mental and emotional state. Nurses need to view the whole patient because it uses a holistic approach and can stimulate further healing. Sandra, one patient in the module, had numerous problems when she visited her nurse. However, the nurse looked at Sandra in a holistic way; the nurse knew that Sandra could improve her lifestyle by helping Sandra determine the stressors in her life. Sandra discovered that her diet impacted her fatigue, anxiety, and depression levels and her eating habits contributed to her gas and bloating. With a change in eating habits, Sandra lost weight, slept better, and reduced the dosage of some of her numerous medications. All three aspects of Sandra’s wellbeing: mind, body, and spirit, were accomplished by using a holistic approach. I will implement the whole person approach in my career because it incorporates the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing which is a central idea that we as nurses strive to

Martha E. Rogers’ nursing theory of “Science of Unitary Human Being” consists of eight concepts namely: energy field, openness, pattern, pan-dimensionality, homeodynamic principles, resonance, helicy, and integrality. Understanding these concepts is the beginning for direct guidance into the practice of nursing. They provide a different explanation for the metaparadign concepts of person, health, environment, and nursing [4].

In a world where there is constant change, and individuals are constantly attempting to adapt and cope with these changes, the human experiences and responses to this process is central to nursing interest, (Meleis, 2012). Today’s global health problems in addition to the politically volatile health care system, and the rising cost of health care seem insurmountable. As nurses,

Nursing theories play an integral role in guiding practice, education, and research. Many different theoretical perspectives are maintained in the field of nursing due to the diversity of the field, no single theory is able to account for all nursing knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two nursing theories that have produced a profound impact on nursing practice. The theories being compared are Dorothea Orem’s Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) and Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM). Both theorists have profoundly influenced nursing science, research, practice, and education. Similarly, both of these theories fall into the category of Grand nursing theories which are the most complex theory level and explain broad areas of the discipline, as well as being the broadest in scope (McEwen & Wills, 2014).

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The Roy Adaptation Model for Nursing had it’s beginning with Sister Callista Roy entered the masters program in pediatric nursing at the University of California in Los Angeles in 1964. Dorothy E. Johnson, Roy’s advisor and seminar faculty, was speaking at the time on the need to define the goal of nursing as a way of focusing the development of knowledge for practice. During Roy’s first seminar in pediatric nursing, she proposed that the goal of nursing was promoting patient adaptation. Johnson encouraged her to develop her concept of adaptation as a framework for nursing, throughout the course of her master’s program. Von Vertalanffy’s use of systems theory was a key component in the early

Transition theory is one of the most applied theories in the nursing practice. In fact, whether or not nurses are aware of this theory, it is often used in the nursing practice because nursing is all about helping people that are going through changes, whether they are physical changes like an illness or developmental transitions like the birth of a child. Meleis reiterates this point as he states “Nurses often are the primary caregivers of clients and their families who are undergoing transition. They attend to the changes and demands that transitions bring into the daily lives of clients and their families” (2000, p. 13). Before going any further in exploring Transition theory, we must define transition. Meleis states that “Transitions are both a result of and result in change in lives, health, relationships, and environments” (2000, p. 13). Transitions are the times when a nurse can step in and act as a therapeutic medium and help the individual have a smooth transition from one semi stable state of being to another semi stable state of being (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 237). This is the essence of Transition Theory. It is the process that goes on between people undergoing some changes in their lives, and the nurse who is guiding care for a stable outcome.

Roy believes nursing as a key player to help patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome from the constant stimuli exposure. Roy’s goal is for the patient to achieve adaptation leading to optimum health, well-being, quality of life, death with dignity, and finding in life by participating in their own care (Roy & Andrews, 1999.)

The nursing theory consists of four major concepts including person, health, environment, and nursing. According to the Fundamentals of Nursing, these four concepts “… give nurses a comprehensive perspective that allows you to identify and treat patient’s health care needs at all levels and in all health care settings.” (Potter & Perry, 2009, p. 40) Florence Nightingale’s theory was one of the first models for nursing. The focus of this theory was that nursing consists of caring through the environment and helping the patient overcome their symptoms and changes in function related to their prevailing illness. It also focuses on the manipulation on the environment for the potential benefit of the patient. Florence “… had always seen to the heart of things- that the real nurse must be a dedicated being- that

Throughout nursing, there are many theories that nurses may come across and use. Calista Roy’s and Betty Neuman are two theorists that use two different types of models to encompasses the health, person, and the environment. Callista Roy uses a theory that promotes adaptation to the stimuli a person may encounter. Betty Neuman uses a theory that promotes equilibrium in a time where a person will encounter stress. These theories allow the nurse to bring a knowledge to learn more about the person and the factors that influence their health. Although with any theory there are different approaches in how the nursing plan is done, but with the patient in mind, it makes the difference in care that is given and allows for better outcomes for the patient.

Being the daughter of a Licensed Vocational Nurse and the eldest of seven children, Sister Callista Roy learned the importance of selflessness, caring and the importance of really knowing and caring for others. A scholar with a degree in sociology as well as nursing, and her involvement as a Sister in the church showed a true dedication of service of others. (Parker & Smith, 2010, p. 168). The Adaptation Model looks at a patient’s health through the lens of adaptation, being able to change based on environmental factors whether they are internal or external Shah, M. (2015). Compare and Contrast of Grand Theories: Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Roy’s Adaptation Model. International Journal of Nursing Didactics, 5(01), 39-42. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijnd.2015.vol5.iss01.28.39-42. This model was developed while completing her Master’s Degree influenced by Dorothy