Orthopedic Bone Essay

The orthopedic surgeon entered the room with a look of despair; his distress quickly infected my body as he presented the X-Ray films of my fractured vertebrae. Prior to that moment, I wanted to be an Olympic gymnast. I trained for seven years approximately thirty hours per week to reach that goal, and three months before my thirteenth birthday, it was pronounced unreachable. Although I thought at the time that all of my energy and dedication was being absorbed by a black hole, I eventually came to the realization that my relentless effort and training would be relevant to my career.

To observe the structures of cortical and trabecular bones, the slices were observed with a Leitz Laborlux 11 with a magnification of 25X and were imaged under a magnification of 10X. Biomaterials is used alongside research of human bones. A variety of synthetic bone grafts have been utilized to fill bone defects as well as strengthen, repair and improve damaged bones. The trabecular bone structure was witnessed to that of a traditional trabecular structure with the white sections of the bones, seen in Figure 1, to be the close packed bone cells with the grey sections to be the pores, or lighter bones section, to allow less weight in the trabecular bone structure. The trabecular bone requires maximum strength with minimum mass to sustain high mineral surface area. The mineral surface area of a trabecular bone allows for cellular interaction with bone mineral material at the ends of human bones.

After that, fracture callus will undergo the process of bone subtitution, followed with endochondral ossification, resulting in production of lamellar bone. Final remodelling of the bone is completed by deposition of compact bone by osteoblasts in resorption pits prepared by the osteoclasts (Gaston and Simpson, 2007). This natural osteonal healing would be done well if and only if these four prerequisites are active.

For this week 's post is regarding the imaging of wrist and hand. First, diagnostic imaging is a fundamental element of clinical examination of the wrist and hand for possible injury or trauma. Due to the complexity of the anatomy of the wrist and hand, it 's hard to diagnose a true pathology of the wrist and hand. However, an individual suffers from their activities of daily living, missed work or sports due to early restrictions of hand/wrist motion (provided and prescribed by medical practitioners) due to the unconfirmed diagnosis of wrist pathology, such as scaphoid waist fracture.

A fracture, simply, is a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of a bone. It may be caused by diverse direct or indirect factors, pathologic, or idiopathic. Hypertension, on the other hand, is defined as a persistent systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. Hypertension is caused by a wide range of risk factor, and can be categorized as primary or secondary. Lastly, diabetes mellitus is defined as a long-term multisystem disease related to atypical insulin production, impaired uptake, or both. Specifically, type 2, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, the body produces insulin but it sometimes inadequate or may be poorly used by the tissues. (Lewis, 2010) As a whole, the significance and impact of the fracture in relation with the patient’s DM2 and hypertension will be discussed.

Progressing to an ageing population, the number of bone disorders and conditions is an increasing problem affecting millions of people today, with osteoporosis being a key example. Bone grafting is one form of a bone regeneration treatment for patients suffering from bone fractures and injuries, congenital abnormalities as well as reconstruction of the bones. Bone regeneration relies on several factors such as defect and graft size, tissue viability, shape and volume and cost. Although, the current gold standard for bone regeneration is “Autograft” , its limitations such as donor site morbidity and pain as well as rejection and the cost in association with bone harvesting post a setback.

According to Bucher, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Lewis & O’Brien (2007), “The main functions of bone are support, protection of internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.” Bones also provide the body with stability which prevents the body from collapsing and allows for weight bearing (Bucher, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Lewis & O’Brien, 2007). Bones are a major factor in the hematological system because red and white cell production occurs in the marrow of bones. Maintaining bone health consists of a balance of exercise, nutrition, lifestyle habits, proper body mechanics, immunizations, and stabilized hormones. As we get older, our bones get weaker and we loose more bone than it’s replaced. “Numerous factors such as loss of minerals, lack of exercise, and hormonal changes influence bone health as we age” (Patience, 2015, p. 78).

The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current

Subsequently following in bone deformation past the yield point and consequently, inflammation that results in apoptosis of osteocytes and loss of homeostasis of the bone matrix (see fig 5). Bone then hypermineralises (>66% mineral) and considering that bone is characteristically an inflexible structure with a low strain tolerance to rupture ~4% cortical bone and 5% in cancellous bone (Mc Nally, 2014).

However, a major surgical challenge is associated with large defects/critical size defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential formed as a result of extensive soft tissue damage, insufficient surgical techniques, infections, and biomechanical instability. When the bone repair mechanism fails as a result of magnitude, infection or other causes, bone grafting has been shown to be a highly successful therapy. The motivation for research and the focus on translating bone engineering concepts into clinical application is rooted in the limitations associated with the growing, difficult orthopaedic, dental, and reconstructive surgery problems.

Many organic-inorganic materials have been developed to mimic natural bone which is composed of inorganic hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and organic collagen fibrils. Among these, chitosan (CTS) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been selected extensively due to their excellent biocompatibility with human body.3 CTS is a natural bidegradable polysaccharide, served as the best bioactive biomaterials in bone grafting and well-known for their excellent biocompatibility with the human body environment. CTS composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units, linked in β (1-4) manner, obtained from chitin by partial or complete deacetylation. It is flexible in nature and has a resistance upon heating. CTS is excellent biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity.4,5 HAP has attracted much attention as a biomaterial because its chemical composition is identical to that of human bone. HAP is a highly biocompatible, biostable and bio-adoptable natural ceramic with

After deriving growth factors and bone morphogenic protein from mammalian teeth successfully many researchers have supported development of bone substitute using tooth derived substance as graft material. Some studies have shown a great potential use of teeth as carrier of growth factors and stem cell. It has been reported that autogenous bone is regarded as the “gold standard” of bone graft due to its biocompatibility. However, the shortcomings of autogenous bone, such as limited amount, additional surgery, post-operative morbidities and the like are the main reasons for developing various bone graft substitutes.[1, 26]. In 2009, Korea Tooth Bank was established in Seoul for the processing of the tooth-derived materials in Seoul, and an innovative medical service has begun for bone regeneration. Today,

Abstract- In the recent past a lot of research has been taking place in the field of bone tissue engineering related to repairing and replacement of bones. In this paper we are going to study three basic bone tissue replacements technique and their mechanical optimization with the original bone. The three techniques we are going to study are 1.Calcium Phosphate Biomineral.2.Scaffolds using 3D printed moulds.3.Emulsion Templated scaffolds.

The effective synergic role of -TCP bioactive particles and PLA fibers on the morphology and mechanical behavior of the final composite scaffold was assessed, as well as the interaction between the ceramic phase and the highly organized fiber-reinforced polymeric structure (60).

Among all calcium phosphate bioceramics, hydroxyapatite (HAP), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is the most extensively used biocompatible ceramic materials for bone tissue engineering, as its chemical composition