Osteogenic Sarcoma Research Paper

Osteosarcoma is also called osteogenic sarcoma in medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). This cancer usually develops in growing bones. Although it can occur at any age, it‘s most commonly found in teenagers and young adults and is slightly more common in males than females. Any bone in the body can be affected, but the most common sites are the arms or legs, particularly around the knee joint(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). This cancer is caused by benign tumors and other bone diseases, radiation exposure, genetic factors, children, adolescents, males more than females.(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012)

According to the MediLexicon Medical Dictionary, muscular dystrophy is defined as a general term for a number of hereditary, progressive degenerative disorders affecting skeletal muscles, and often other organ systems (Staff). Basically what that means is that muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that is passed down that affects the skeletal muscles and other organs by slowly breaking them down. Since it is genetic, it is not contagious and you cannot catch it from someone who has it. MD weakens muscles over time, so children, teens, and adults who have the disease can gradually lose the ability to do the things most people take for granted, like walking or sitting up. Someone with MD might start having muscle problems as a baby or

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still has some mystery behind it. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is also the most common type of bone cancer, and makes up 65% of all bone cancer. However, it is a very rare cancer and has fewer than 20,000 cases per year in The USA. The cells that form an osteosarcoma make bone matrix, similar to osteoblasts. However, the bone matrix of an osteosarcoma is not as strong as a bone matrix from an osteoblast, and therefore is not as strong as normal bones. The most common age group affected by osteosarcoma is children and young adults. However, osteosarcoma can occur at any age. Osteosarcoma is most commonly found in areas of the bone that grow quickly, which is why children are more likely to get this type of cancer. The most common place to find osteosarcoma is the end of long bones, especially in the knee, distal femur, and proximal tibia. The proximal humerus is typically the most common site. The treatments of

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (also referred to as DMD) is a type of muscular dystrophy that weakens the muscles that we need to support our body, body weight, to stand, and to move around. It also can cause you to have scoliosis. Some of the main causes for DMD are genetic disorders, mutations, and DMD has to be passed down throughout everyone in that family for generations. The symptoms you can have if you have DMD are weak muscles, lack of strength, and difficulty walking. DMD is a negative mutation because it affects your muscles horribly bad that you can get a disability of walking and even moving. You need to tell your doctor immediately if you experience any symptoms. If you don't tell your doctor, you may find yourself in a very difficult situation where you can't get up or can't get something you need. When you do talk to your doctor, you will have an advantage of getting the help you need.

Enzyme tests scan for high levels of CK (creatine kinase), that would point to a muscle disease. Enzymes such as CK are typically released by damaged muscles into the bloodstream. Electromyography measures the electrical activity in your muscles as they tighten and relax with an electrode needle; variations in the pattern of electrical activity can affirm a muscle disease. Because Duchenne is a genetic disease, genetic testing is sometimes used; blood samples will be inspected for mutations in some of the genes that can cause different types of muscular dystrophy, DMD in this case. Next, a little piece of muscle may be removed during a muscle biopsy through an incision or hollow needle. The biopsy is able to distinguish muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseases. Lung monitoring and heart monitoring tests may also be

Osteosarcoma(OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone which is characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue. Although it is the most common malignancy of long bones after multiple myeloma [2], it is a relatively rarer entity in the craniofacial region. About 6% of Oss arise in the jaws .The estimated incidence of the new cases of Jaw OS (JOS) per year is 0 .07 in 100,000. (1) The etiology of OS is unknown, but some risk factors such as a previous history of ionizing radiation, alkylating agent, retinoblastoma and benign bone lesions such as paget disease and fibro osseous dysplasia have been associated with the development of head and neck OS.(2-4) JOS occur with a peak in the third through fifth decades of life. The mean age is

There are two ways to diagnose myotonic dystrophy; with molecular genetic testing or with non-genetic testing. Genetic testing is when the test for the amount of CTG repeats in the DMPK gene. Normal alleles have 5-34 repeats. Premutation alleles have 35-49 repeats, this means that the patients does not show symptoms but their children are at increased risk of inheriting a larger repeat size. Full penetrance alleles have more than 50 repeats. Non-genetic testing includes an electromyography (EMG), if a patient has myotonic dystrophy the doctors will see myotonic discharges and myopathic-appearing motor units. They can also test for serum CK concentration, which is elevated in affected patients. Another test they can do is a muscle biopsy, they would see rows of internal nuclei, ring fibers, sarcoplasmic masses, type 1 fiber predominance and atrophy, fibrosis and fatty infiltration and an increased number of intrafusal muscle fibers in affected

Muscular dystrophy can be diagnosed with a physical exam and diagnostic testing completed by the child’s pediatrician. Additional information that will be obtained during the examination will be family history, pregnancy history, and birth history. Diagnostic studies for muscular dystrophy include muscle serum enzymes (especially creatine kinase), electromyogram (EMG) testing, muscle fiber biopsy, electrocardiogram abnormalities reflective of cardiomyopathy, and genetic pedigree (Lewis, 2011). Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by the lack of dystrophin. A muscle biopsy can be done to confirm a diagnosis of muscle dystrophy. The biopsy will show evidence of significant fat and connective tissue deposits, deterioration and necrosis of muscle fibers, and a lack of the muscle

DMD occurs at a frequency of one per 3,500 live births (MD). Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is the name for a group of disorders where muscle size and strength decrease over time. (DMD) is a genetic disease that begins when the occupant is three. Most (MD) involve the muscle cells dying and then being replaced by fat and connective tissue. These muscles cells being replace by fat causes the muscles to weaken over time which makes (DMD) a degenerative disease. The end results is the patient loses all control over his or her muscles, is no longer able to walk, and eventually dies of respiratory failure.

The main signs of muscular dystrophy are progressive muscle weakness, trouble breathing or swallowing and losing the ability to walk. Specific signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, and also it depends on the type of muscular dystrophy. For example, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, about half of people with muscular dystrophy have this variety or diversity. Although girls can be carriers and mildly affected, the disease typically affects boys. Signs and symptoms typically appear between the ages of 2 and 3, and may include frequent falls, difficulty getting up from a lying or sitting position, trouble running and jumping waddling gait, walking on the toes, large calf muscles, muscle pain and stiffness, and learning disabilities.

For this unit I chose Ewing's sarcoma, a malignant bone tumor, and a primary bone cancer that originates in bone cells. According to Derrer, David a medical reviewer for WebMD, Ewing's sarcoma is a family of tumors that is located in the long bones of the legs and arms, or bones in the chest, pelvis, back, or head (2014). It also develops in the skull or flat bones of the trunks. The most common symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma is pain, however symptoms might vary, depending on the size and location of the cancer. Other symptoms may also include swelling, tenderness, or stiffness in the affected area, fracture, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia. The exact cause of Ewing sarcoma is not fully understood. There seems to be no known risk factors

According to the National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov), in 2013 there were around 3,010 new cases of bone cancer, and there were around 1,440 deaths from bone cancer. Everyone can get bone cancer, but it’s primarily found in older people. Also, there are several symptoms, but the main symptoms are pain. However, other symptoms can include fractures, swelling, decreased mobility, and many other symptoms.

This disease exist when cells that are forced by cancer go away from the tumor and expand to other places in the body to spread to the bones .

Bone cancer is a rare form of cancer that starts in a person’s bone structure. Bone cancer can develop in any bone of the person, but is commonly seen in the longer bones in the person’s upper and lower extremities. There are several types of bone malignancies that are known, some of which affect children while others primarily impact adults (Mayo Clinic, 2015, p. 1). Among the more prevalent types of bone malignancies include the following (a) Osteosarcoma, this type of malignancy begins in the osteoid tissue of the bone, occurring mainly in the region of the upper arm and the knees; (b) Chondrosarcoma, mainly begins in the cartilage of the bone, and; (c) The Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFTs), occurs in the bone, but also impacts the soft tissue. This type is commonly discovered in the spine and the pelvis region as well as the arms and lower extremities of the person (National Cancer Institute, 2008, p. 1).

Limb salvage is now standard thanks to the advances in imaging and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy has poor results in treating sarcoma but is indicated in unresectable or metastatic sarcomas 5. Radiation has been shown to reduce the local recurrence of soft tissue sarcomas but does not significantly decrease the risk of distant metastases.