Osteoporosis and Bone

One of the key elements of regulating skeletal growth is the Osteoclasts. The Osteoclasts are responsible for initiating the bone remodeling cycle. Blood vessels and nerves are able to penetrate the bone once the chondrocytes die

The five functions bones are; to form a sturdy framework for the entire body, protect delicate structures, work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement, store calcium salt, produce blood cells in red bone marrow. The long bone helps with these functions mostly because of it size. Three of aging on the skeletal system are; loss in calcium salts and decreased ability to form protein framwork, cellular metabolism slows, bones are weaker, less dense, and loss of muscle tissue are all effects of aging on the skeletal system.

Milk and dairy foods contain calcium which is The most common mineral in the body; calcium is needed for functions including helping blood to clot, and to build bones and teeth. Milk and dairy foods are high in protein which is essential to grow and build muscle. It is also essential for repairing and healing and repelling illnesses and fighting infections. Everything from our hair, muscles, nerves, skin and nails needs protein to build and repair itself.

Calcium plays a very significant role in our bodies. Approximately 99 percent of the calcium in our bodies is stored in the teeth and bones. Calcium generates about two percent of our total body weight. Calcium is crucial in bone formation, keeping strong bones and teeth and is known for helping to prevent osteoporosis. Although calcium is mostly thought about in the bones and teeth, it also plays important roles throughout the body. The amount of calcium outside the bones and teeth may be small in comparison to what is inside the bones and teeth, but is very useful in many functions in the body. Calcium is required in functions such as the contraction

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

396). When blood calcium needs to be replenished, the trabecular bone gives up minerals. The loss of trabecular bone is significantly apparent in men and women in their 30s. However, the trabecular bone can start to desintegrate whenever calcium withdrawals exceed deposits. Furthermore, cortical bone also gives up calcium, however this occurs at a slower and steadier pace. The cortical bone begins to give up ususally around someone in their 40s. Therefore, as bone loss continues, bone density begins to decline, which causes osteoporosis to become apparent. For instance, "Bones become so fragil that even the body's own weight can overburden the spine - vertebrae may suddenly disintegrate and crush down, painfully pinching major nerves" (Whitney & Rolfes, 2013, p. 396). Nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis tend to occur in the older age, female gender, smaller frame Caucasian, Asian, or Hispanic/Latino. In addition, it occurs in people with family history of osteoporosis or fractures. However, modifiable risk factors include, sedentary lifestyle, diet inadequare in clacium and vitamin D, diet excessive in protein, sodium, caffeine, cigarrette smoking, alcohole abuse and low

As osteoporosis occurs due to calcium deficiency, diet habit changes are crucial, allowing the body to recover and strengthen the bones. Bone strengthening nutrition often includes an increase intake of calcium and vitamin D (5).

Calcium can also be supplemented with alfalfa, clover, dandelion, broccoli, and some fish, such as cod, salmon, and sardines (Dittmer and Thompson, 2011;Weichselbaum et al., 2013). Either exposure to sunlight or a supplemented vitamin D is also necessary for these metabolic processes to work successfully. Some fish are also good for supplementing vitamin D in the diet. Once calcium levels are back to homeostasis, the body will replenish the bone stores and there will be no lasting effects in an adult. Some animals are more susceptible to vitamin D and calcium deficiency, eg. growing animals, postpartum mammals, captive reptiles, pet rabbits, and

• Vitamin D deficiency[9] - low circulating Vitamin D is common among the elderly worldwide.[10] Mild vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) production. [10] PTH increases bone reabsorption, leading to bone loss. A positive association exists between serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels and bone mineral density, while PTH is negatively associated with bone mineral density.[10]

include Calcium and Phosphate both can only be useful to bones when the needed amount of Vitamin D is present in the body to absorb it. The elements create strong bones and protect against disorders such as osteomalacia, which is the softening of bones. This vitamin is also needed for your immune system to function properly, since it helps combat infections and viruses. The immune system is not the only system in your body affected by Vitamin D, in fact almost everything you do is aided by Vitamin D, the respiratory system is just another example. The reason we can breathe easily is because our body has the recommended amount of Vitamin D to ensure healthy

Calcium supports the skeletal structure and its functions by conserving and sustaining the strength of bones and teeth. It is involved in other body processes such as muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism, and assistance in maintaining a healthy blood pressure and immune system. Adult humans absorb approximately 1/3 of the calcium from food. A higher rate of absorption, 50-65%, can be observed amongst newborn infants, children, and pregnant women. Calcium is an essential nutrient and requires vitamin D to be absorbed. Vitamin D is also involved in the regulation of calcium homeostas is. When vitamin D is lacking, the intestine absorbs only 10-15% of the calcium in foods; with the vitamin, intestinal absorption of dietary calcium increases to 30-80%. Once calcium enters the body, it is absorbed throughout the length of the intestines, with the greatest amount of absorption

These include eating a diet with enough calcium and vitamin D. Good food sources of these nutrients include: milk, yogurt and cheeses, sardines, greens, soy foods, such as tofu or soymilk, salmon, and nuts and seeds. Weight bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, hiking, stair climbing, dancing, etc., help keep bones strong. Smoking and regular alcohol use is bad for bones as well as many other parts of the body, therefore avoiding these items will help in keeping bones healthy. In some cases medications may be needed to help slow the deterioration of bones and/or to encourage bone growth. Doctors may also recommend a person with osteoporosis take calcium and Vitamin D supplement if these nutrients are lacking. Hormone replacement may also be prescribed if the osteoporosis is believed to be related to decreased estrogen in women or decreased testosterone in men.

Calcium and vitamin D: Osteoporosis can be caused by lack of calcium and vitamin D intake

Vitamin D is key for solid bones on the grounds that it helps the body use calcium from the eating methodology. Generally, vitamin D lack has been connected with rickets, a malady in which the bone tissue doesn't appropriately mineralize, prompting delicate bones and skeletal distortions. Yet

Bone serves the organism at multiple levels: As a system, bones permit the organism to locomote effectively and to maintain posture by bearing loads without deformation, by providing rigid attachment sites for muscles and acting as a system of levers to amplify small movements. As an organ, bones protect the viscera and house the hemopoietic tissue (red marrow). As a tissue, bones serve as a reservoir of readily mobilizable calcium, an