Osteoporosis is a disease that is continuing to increase in numbers; as a result, the cost of care

The management of osteoporosis patients start with the diagnosis by rolling out secondary causes and then confirm it by measuring bone mineral density (BMD). After that, begin the treatment with lifestyle changes, pharmacological medications, and surgery for some fractures if needed. In this essay I will cover generally the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis in five steps.

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

Osteoporosis is the most common disease of the bone and the incidence of this condition is rising. Osteoporosis is estimated to effect 3 million people in the UK. A decreasing bone density in patient, especially in those above the age of 50, leads to bones becoming weak and therefore, there is an increased likelihood of fragility fractures. This condition is preventable and treatable however, it is often left undiagnosed and therefore, has major cost implications on the NHS. (National Osteoporosis Society, 2013a)

A disease of long duration is a chronic disease. Osteoporosis is considered chronic and this paper will discuss what it means, what the risk factors and who is affected, this paper will address the symptoms to look out for and when to go to the doctor. Nutrition and what proper exercise can do to help prevent or slow down the progression caused by osteoporosis, and then the paper will list prevention and treatment options. May is osteoporosis month and this encourages free screenings for those who may have chances for osteoporosis!

rise by almost 50%, with a greater than 87% rise for those aged 65 to 74 years” (p.

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

Osteoporosis is a major public heath treat for more than 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom are women. In the U.S. today, 10 million individuals

Older adults with low bone density are at significant risk of getting Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is known as a systemic skeletal disease with the characteristics of low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissues [1]. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by testing an individual bone mass density. A score of -1.0 or above is the normal state an individual wants to get as a result after he or she takes the DXA-test (an instrument used to measure bone density). Anything below -1.0 and -2.5 means the individual has low bone density and should do something about it. Osteoporosis increases a person chances of bone fracture due to bone fragility. Bone mass density decreases as people age making osteoporosis more prevalent among older individuals [2]. In the US, there are more than 2 million fractures occurs annually as a result of osteoporosis, including 550,000 vertebral fractures and 300,000 hip fractures [3, 4]. Hospitalization, long-term care, impaired quality of life, disability and death are usually the events that occur after Osteoporotic fractures in older adults [5]. Osteoporosis is a viral disease that takes freedom away from older adults. It puts fear in older adult’s everyday life, which then leads to them not living their lives to the fullest like they would like to because they are afraid of breaking a bone or two which would lead to expensive medical bills. This limits the activities they can participate in or just makes them antisocial because if they aren’t going outside to “play”, they’ll be alone inside their room which could lead to depression and a very

There are two types of osteoporosis that have been identified which are primary and secondary. Osteoporotic bones are thin and brittle and are prone to fracture. The bone loss involves both compact and spongy bone. In type I osteoporosis, which occurs typically in postmenopausal women, spongy bone loss predominates, occurring most prominently in the vertebrae and distal radius (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknas-Wright, 2000). Major complications of type I osteoporosis are crush fractures of the vertebral bodies and the distal end of the radius. Type II, or old-age, osteoporosis is characterized by a proportional loss of compact and spongy bone of the long bones (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknis-Wright). The most serious fractures of old age are those of

Osteoporosis is a condition of the bones, which causes weak bones that break easier. According to the FDA, women are five times more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. Currently, there is no cure for osteoporosis but there are lifestyle changes that you can make to slow it down and medications you can take to build stronger, healthier bones. Osteoporosis can run in families. It occurs when a person does not get enough calcium and vitamin D in the diet, as well as not enough exercise. Women who have gone through menopause have a higher chance of having osteoporosis. Anyone can develop osteoporosis but there are some risk factors to keep in mind that increase your chances. Women, people with thin, small frames, a family history of broken bones and/or stooped posture, women who went through menopause before age 45, people who have had eating disorders, and people over age 50 have a higher chance of getting osteoporosis. Also, people who have used certain medicines for extended periods of time, including certain hormones, seizure medications, and certain drugs for asthma, arthritis, or cancer, are at a higher risk. To determine if you have osteoporosis, a test can be done that uses x-rays or sound waves to determine your bone density. Your doctor will know which test would be best for you. To lower your chances of developing osteoporosis, you can make a few lifestyle changes and take medications to help build stronger bones. Be sure you are getting enough calcium. If

According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, “About 54 million Americans have osteoporosis and low bone mass, placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis. Studies suggest that approximately one in two women and up to one in four men age 50 and older will break a bone due to osteoporosis.” The bone disorder may be common, but there are many risk factors for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis usually happens with elders, especially in postmenopausal women. According to Human Anatomy and

Fragility fracture is occasionally the first presentation of osteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures has been reported to increase with age and over 50% of the incidents occurring in menopausal women aged > 75 years. Vertebral column and hip are the most common site of fracture contributing to a significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Additionally, patients with an episode of fracture has a higher chance for future fracture.

Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that has many symptoms. The most common symptoms are fractures. There are many different types of fractures such as hip, wrist, and spine fractures. Fractures indicate that the person has osteoporosis. Osteoporosis with fractures is unrecognized in the clinical setting. Therefore, a diagnosis of osteoporosis can be conducted by the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) which is an efficient tool for evaluate the probability of bone fracture risk. FRAX mainly depends on the bone mineral density. Because bone mineral density is considered to be the standard measure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. Although osteoporosis has no obvious symptoms, FRAX provides significant information to diagnose osteoporosis.1

Early identification of at-risk populations is essential as many patients, especially women, are not receiving proper screening or treatment for osteoporosis (9). For example, the existence of a disorder known to cause secondary osteoporosis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, or Crohn disease, should alerts the clinician that osteoporosis