Otitis Membrane Assessment : Tympanic Membrane Essay

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides

This evidence meets the criteria for a filtered source. It was sourced online from the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics and Family Physicians. Specialists from multi medical disciplines assembled to create an integrative systematic study and review of the current evidence- based literature available for the treatment and management of Acute Otitis Media (AOM). The conclusions and findings were utilized to devise guidelines and a practice protocol that recommended early diagnosis and makes

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

Acute Otitis Media (AOM), inflammation or infection of the middle ear, is an illness most parents have had experience with. Countless hours of lost sleep and worry secondary to their child’s pain and distress can keep even the most seasoned parents awake at night. Before the age of 36 months, 83% of children will experience 1 or more ear infections and AOM is the most common reason for office visits of preschoolers in the United States (Zhou, Shefer, Kong & Nuorti, 2008). The graphic below serves as a review of evidence and explores the usefulness of the information in relation to the option of watchful waiting in the management of AOM.

“It’s very common among young children because the Eustachian tubes in their ears haven’t come into their proper position yet,” says Dr. Joseph Scianna of Northern Illinois ENT Specialists in Sycamore. He’s the specialist Corbin’s pediatrician

Bilateral otoscopy examinations indicated normal pinnas, external ear canals, and tympanic membranes. A pure tone

Otitis externa is cellulites of the external auditory canal. The most common pathogens include, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bullous myringitis is inflammation of the tympanic membrane; common pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acute otitis media in an acute infection of the middle ear; most common pathogen includes S pneumoniae and H influenza (35-45%). The third most pathogen is M catarrhalis (15-18) and the fourth most common pathogen is Streptococcus pyogenes.

*Ear Infections - Fluid trapped in a child’s ears can cause them pain and lead to a fever. This causes great discomfort to the child and parents can feel helpless in not knowing what to do.

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) can be defined as, “The presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection” (Pediatrics, 2004). It can be said that OME is an invisible disorder, as there are no immediate signs or symptoms of an acute ear infection such as ear pain, fever, or displeasure (Williamson, 2007). However, OME can have very significant consequences in the life of a child. Early identification and monitoring of OME can combat against possible speech and language delays, as well as protecting against further structural damage to the middle ear. From a diagnostic standpoint, OME must be differentiated from Acute Otitis Media (AOM), as the appropriate treatment will depend on if a child is suffering

Acute inflammation of the middle ear with effusion is treated with one or two courses of antibiotics . Antihistamines and decongestants have been used, but they have not been proven effective unless there is also hay fever or some other allergic inflammation that contributes to the problem. Myringotomy with or

Young children and adults are capable of communicating problems that they are experience, but your baby will need to show physical signs that they are in pain due to ear infections. Unfortunately, many parents are unable to read this signs, which can cause the infection to spread, leading to more painful medical conditions. If you are a parent to a baby that is displaying the following signs, consult a doctor immediately for effective treatment of their infection.

I do agree with your primary diagnosis of acute otitis media(AOM) based on the signs and symptoms of fever, ear pain and conductive hearing loss. The diagnosis of the acute infectious process of acute otitis can be made if three components are present: rapid onset, middle-ear effusion, and signs and symptoms of middle-ear inflammation. This has helped make the distinction between AOM and otitis media with effusion, a noninfectious process that does not require antibiotic treatment. Pneumatic otoscopy can be performed to detect impaired tympanic membrane mobility. An acutely inflamed tympanic membrane with purulence bulging from behind it will have reduced mobility. The majority of AOM infections resolve without antibiotic treatment. Home

The use of antibiotics should be deliberately used. Providers are to be cautious that there is validation to the use of such treatment. Antibiotics should not be prescribed as a mean of convenience to make the patient happy. American Academy of Pediatrics have provided some principles to guide the prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections in the pediatric in 2013. According to Hersh, Jackson, and Hicks (2013), prior to prescribing antibiotics, the provider should determine the likelihood of a bacterial infection being involved. Bacterial infections are typically presented with fever, and purulent drainage. For example, a younger patient less than 23 months who presents with otitis media and has severe symptoms would likely benefit from antibiotics. However, Hersh et al (2013) indicated that mild otitis media can be self-limited and it might be better to play watchful waiting that to prescribe an antibiotic to these patients. In the case of sinusitis, it is recommended to prescribe antibiotics to those who have

The middle ear functions at the physiological level to transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. The middle ear consists of an air filled space between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear. The inner ear contains three small bones, the malleus, incus, and the stapes. And tiny ligaments and muscles that support and adjust tension. The sound travels down the ear canal and strikes the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred through the osscicles to the cochlea, which is the inner ear. The first bone is the malleus and it is attached to the inside surface of the tympanic membrane, the second bone is the incus, and the innermost bone is the stapes. The sound sets this whole structure into vibration transferring

The etiology of Otosclerosis of most patients is usually a genetic mutation or inherited from a parent. Otosclerosis is known to be a in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable penetrance. Which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene if one parent is a carrier. Scientists have found that it can be multiple genes on the chromosomes that are affected that cause Otosclerosis. Showing that the disease does not just occur on one specific gene. Scientist where able to find in one case that a family had a mutation in a gene for collagen and antibodies against collagen, suggesting an autoimmune mechanism (Niedermeyer & Arnold 2002). Although, scientist found this information they cannot automatically say that this is the sole cause for Otosclerosis, because they have also found that in some cases of this diseases that it can be onset by an infection of the measles virus. A recent hypothesis suggests that otosclerosis requires a combination of a specific gene with exposure to a specific virus (for example measles) for it to be expressed and for hearing loss to occur (McGuirt et al, 1998). Scientists continue to work on this hypothesis because they have reason to believe that the measles virus predisposes patients to Otosclerosis. They have found viral material in the nucleic acid of the otosclerotic stapes footplates (Karosi et al 2008) and increased levels of antibodies to