Otonomi Daerah

Peluang-peluang ekonomi di Nanyang pula menjadi faktor tarikan penting kerana kebanyakan penghijrah terdiri daripada penghijrah ekonomi. Pemerintahan Inggeris yang mengamalkan sistem ekonomi bebas telah membuka peluang perkembangan ekonomi. Buruh-buruh yang ramai diperlukan untuk mempercepatkan pertumbuhan.

The word “Indonesia” has two Greek words and meaning in it. “Indos” means Indian and Nesos mean “Islands”. According to the Embassy of Indonesia, the whole country is made up of 17,508 islands. However, like the islands scattered everywhere, Indonesia seems to have a “messy” government. The government of Indonesia has started after decolonization from the Dutch, which is called the “Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia” starting from 1945. The structure of the Indonesian government seems very similar to the one of U.S. It has an executive, judicial, and and legislative branch. Just like the US government, Indonesia has political representation, bureaucratic organization, judicial system, and law enforcement. However, following the reforms of the government, the Indonesian government is not stable and is apprehensive in taking the government forward.

Some leading scholars, both Indonesian and foreigner have identified the drawbacks of legal systems in Indonesia. Lev (1990) revealed that harsh criticisms of the law in Indonesia have actually begun since 1960, especially when social injustice began to occur. Alkostar (2000) then argued the cause of this situation because of the misuses of law enforcement. Next, Juwana (2006) analysed how the legislators did not give proper attention to whether laws that they made later can be implemented or not, especially in areas outside Java island as the gap between Java and outside Java was still high. Furthermore, some laws were not realistic because they have been issued to follow an order of the political elite, foreign countries and international financial institutions instead of people’s demand. For example, the political elite may determine that legislation was enacted in

In Sulistiyanto's article, his discussion shows us more about Indonesia constituencies from the era of Soekarno. It analyses a huge change in the domestic policy. These changes will bring Indonesia close together with international communities as they share democratic values. It has shown in the involvement of Indonesia in the United Nation Climate Change Conference in Bali on December 2007 (p.125).

RELATION(S) OF FIVE MAJOR FACTORS IN INFLUENCING POLITICAL SYSTEM AND TO THE PEOPLE IN INDONESIA

In the beginning of Soeharto’s period until the end of Soeharto’s period, Indonesia centralized the national regime. Indonesia determined to apply a policy of decentralization that became effective on January 1st, 2001. This essay would explain the failure of Indonesian decentralization, whereas this essay only has one area of focus, the failure of distribution of power. Why decentralization in Indonesia has failed? The main factor of this failure has been started in the first time Indonesia apply decentralization after 1998 tragedy whereas the end of Soeharto’s period and the end of centralized government. After that tragedy Indonesia use decentralization until now. But, Indonesia applies this system in sudden. Another country around

People of Indonesia of that time was struggling and fighting for their independence. This is also how many “foreigners” think about the political status of the Southeast Asian countries. This was true about fifty years ago, but is completely changed now, by an extraordinary democratic transformation, as mentioned by Obama. The peaceful power transfer and the direct leaders’ election of Indonesia during these years bring the country “a dynamic civil society”, “political parties and unions”, and “a vibrant media and engaged citizens”. By discussing the successfully democratic transformation, Obama helps the “foreigners” gain information about what the real political status is in Indonesia, which enables them to rethink what they used to think about the Southeast Asia might have changed totally.

Indonesia is the world’s third largest democracy and the world’s largest Muslim country. The country is also the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies. (G-20, 2015) The bilateral relationship between the United Sates and Indonesia is significant if for no other reason than the first two facts mentioned. The cooperation between the United States and Indonesia (a successful model of a Muslim nation practicing democracy) can have far-reaching effects past Indonesia’s regional Southeast Asian boarders. In this assessment of Indonesia, I will discuss the significance of Indonesia to America and regional effect on its Southeast Asian neighbors more in-depth.

The population of Indonesia since the year 2014 is mostly Urban (53%) which just tops the Rural (47%) population. The rate of urbanization has a 2.69% of annual rate of change between the years 2010-2015. Since 2014 this are the major urban areas; Jakarta (10.176 million) which is the capital of Indonesia, Surabaya (2.834 million), Bandung (2.513 million), Medan (2.182 million), Semarang (1.614 million), and Palembang (1.454 million). The information above is important but in this paper the main objective that I will be discussing is the political system, economic data, factors that keep are present that have the population growing and or regressing and the relationship between the United states and Indonesia.

From being ruled by an authoritative government, Indonesia now has become a model for democracy in Asia. Over the years, Indonesia has slowly made the transition to democracy. Its new presidential election is clear evidence of this transition because the Indonesians chose to elect a common man to be the president: an official who they thought would understand their struggles. Within 15 years, Indonesia has transitioned from a bureaucratic-authoritarian regime to a formal presidentialism. The newly elected president has already taken steps toward implementing his reforms which consists of pushing to cut down fuel subsidies, getting rid of corruption and encouraging new businesses to invest in Indonesia by giving them tax incentives. These are clear signs that consolidated liberal democracy in Indonesia has already taken place and that Indonesia will continue to be a democratic country in the future.

Despite Indonesia being a signatory the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the indigenous people say they are not allowed to enjoy its benefits. Several conflicts between businesses and the indigenous are reported monthly. There are some changes that have been felt in the last decade since the state amended the constitution to recognize the indigenous people’s rights. The law also stresses the right of indigenous people to their

The outcomes of the past elections in Indonesia clearly show how promiscuous power sharing has led to the current challenges to Indonesia’s democratization. The election outcomes of 2004, 2009, and 2014 have proved that party cartelization among the political parties has continued to predominate in Indonesian politics. The 2004 elections marked the beginning of direct presidential and parliamentary elections. Yudhoyono was able to win the 2004 presidency due to PDI-P’s plummeting vote share and voter dealignment as all five major parties vote share have dramatically shrunk compared to the 1999 election (Slater 85). The dramatic decrease of vote share and serious voter dealignment issue were due to party cartelization of major parties followed by severe political corruption among the political elites in the PDI-P-Golkar coalition. This helped Yudhoyono and his party, PD, to gain popularity from the voters and win seats in the DPR. The PD under the leadership of Yudhoyono was able to defeat PDI-P’s Megawati in a landslide victory (“Unbuilding Blocs” 311). After Yudhoyono won his presidency, promiscuous power sharing continued as he launched his United Indonesia Cabinet (Honna 479), which included almost all major parties including PKS that promoted anti-corruption ideals by criticizing Megawati’s all encompassing coalition during her presidency (“Unbuilding Blocs” 311). This coalition disappointed PD leadership as Yudhoyono gave only one ministerial position to the party when

Indonesia has adopted the regional autonomy law since 1999, putting it from one of the most centralised to one of the most decentralised countries. Under this scheme, local governments have the right, authority, and duties to set up and manage their own affairs and interests of local communities. This law expressly states what has been said as ‘absolute’ affairs of central governments, comprising foreign policy; defense and security; judicial; national monetary and fiscal; and religion. In the other words, local governments have the right, authority, and duties in all sectors except otherwise classified as ‘absolute’ affairs. This law also adopts what has been said as ‘concurrent’ affairs, meaning that both the central governments and

Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 34 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengutamaan Pemasokan Kebutuhan Mineral dan Batubara untuk Kepentingan Dalam Negeri, khususnya untuk batubara dikenal dengan kebijakan Domestic Market Obligation batubara. Untuk mengatur yang lebih teknis lagi, tiap tahun diterbitkan Keputusan Menteri ESDM tentang penetapan kebutuhan dan persentase minimal penjualan batubara untuk kepentingan dalam negeri. Namun, sejak diberlakukannya Keputusan Menteri ESDM tersebut pada tahun 2010 penetapan kebutuhan dan persentase minimal penjualan batubara bagi para pengusaha batubara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri di dalam negeri masih ditemukan persoalan sehingga belum memberikan hasil yang optimal.

Masyarakat yang terdiri dari orang-orang kebanyakan tidak mengerti apa orang-orang filem ingin sampaikan untuk mereka dan kepada siapa filem ingin dituju dan ditonton? Filem komersial yang sepatutnya memenuhi citarasa penonton menjadi sebuah filem yang menghampakan penonton . Mana tidaknya, sememangnya filem boleh mengaut keuntungan hasil daripada kutipan penonton tetapi nasib penonton ini dianiayai oleh helah-helah dan janji-janji istimewa orang-orang filem untuk mengatakan filem ini bagus tetapi sebaliknya semua orang sudah tahu dan ini seakan menguntungkan industri tetapi tergadainya maruah dan kehormatan kerana tiada kredibilti filem yang berkualiti. Hal inilah yang membuatkan industri filem negara tidak berkembang pesat.