Ottoman Empire Research Paper

Economy was greatly influenced by religion in the Ottoman Empire. The Millet System was created. In this system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the empire but weren´t subjects to the Muslim faith or law.

century in which Europeans embarked on extensive overseas expeditions. European nations, such as Portugal, Spain, England, and the Netherlands, participated heavily in global trade and set up many trade colonies and routes. Many people will say that the European’s only reason for exploration was to spread Christianity, obtain gold, and gain glory through their conquests and acquisition of lands. Some people might also say that the Ottomans heavily influenced the Europeans to participate in this period of exploration. Although the goals of “God, gold, and glory” are often associated with the Age of Exploration, the Ottoman Empire had a greater influence on the desire of European states to establish overseas empires and employ mercantilist economy

One of the most important events of the history was European expansion into the new world. Traditional Feudal societies collapsed under the weight of demographic and political changes during Eurasia experienced Mongol expansion and Black death. There was sociopolitical and religious conflict between states and reconsideration of traditional knowledge and institution. The social and intellectual revolutions in Europe can be considered provocative and subversive. Revolutions in the European society encouraged each other incrementally rather than remaining isolated and produced systematic and lasting changes in the European society.

During the 15th century, Armenia was taken under control by the Ottoman Empire. Armenians thrived under Ottoman control because they had better education and were wealthier, but the Christians had to pay higher taxes and the Ottoman Empire realized that they were beginning to become more loyal to Christian governments, like Russia’s. The Ottoman Empire was mostly ruled by Muslims (“The Armenian Genocide: Context and Legacy”). Hamid II wanted to show the Armenians and he ordered the soldiers to sack Armenian villages, cities and massacred their citizens. Young Turks were a group of reform-minded Turkey nationalists and overthrew Hamid II, trying to establish a better government (“Armenians in Turkey 1915-1918”). Since they were nationalists and Muslim, they wanted any Christian non-turks gone. There were three main Young Turks that rose to dictatorial powers. They were called the “ Three Pashas “ (Talaat, Enver, and Djemal).

In the first millennium CE Turkic people began migrating into Anatolia. They had established the Ottoman Empire by the 14th Century. For over the next five centuries the Empire’s ethnically diverse population was organized into a “millet system, thereby ensuring cultural and religious pluralism” (Rutgers, 2013).

First and foremost, the author states “devshirme” as one possible practice for making Mediterranean society more eclectic. “Devshirme” was Ottoman method - kidnapping young boys from Christian societies and forcing them into empire’s service. This manner had an influence on many nations,

Before the First World War even began, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of weakness and rapid transformation. The nineteenth century was one of humiliation, as the Ottomans struggled to recover control of their corrupted and exhausted military, failing economy, and lost territories. In an attempt to reestablish themselves as a major power and regain land that was taken by the Balkans and Russia, they formed an alliance with Britain’s enemy, Germany. Although the Ottoman Empire was in no shape to fight in another war, it looked like there was one in the future.

This source is an article that discusses a part of the history of the Ottoman Empire working class. The article also touches on the development of the overall economic structure of the empire, and briefly touches on the development of its social structure as it correlates to economy. From the article we learn that the structural integrity of the economic sector of the empire came from mainly from trade, and that war spoils was responsible for much of its financial integrity. However the article does also point out that the overall stability of the Ottoman Empire became stagnant

The Ottoman empire; one of the greatest empires in history. The Empire, at its height, ruled most of the land around the Mediterranean. It contributed much to culture, science, religion, war, politics, and the world. Its monumental fall will be known throughout history. How can the swift decline of the Ottoman power be explained? Perhaps the best way to understand how important this event was, there needs to be a brief explanation of the history behind this epic collapse; showing the rise before the fall and the drastic change.

The rise of the Ottoman Empire started in Turkey and spread through most of the Middle East. Their military practice and successful transition to the use of gun powder made them one of the most successful ruling bodies in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire which ruled until modern times had great influence on the Middle Eastern world. Their political and economic abilities astonished the western world. Their religious views and fears were instilled into any non-Muslim and helped the western world to find new trade. The rise of Christianity in the western world provided new ways to preserve the dead and ended the need for frankensence, the main export of the Ottoman Empire. This

Though not originally in the constitution, the principle Arrow of Secularism came to be one of the most influential ideas of the Turkish Republic (Reisman 7). The modern idea of Secularism is a complete separation of Church and State, in which neither institution is involved in influencing the other. Kemalist Secularism, on the other hand, is concerned primarily with placing the State above the Church. Kemal sought not only to keep the influence of Islam and the ulema out of Turkey’s new governing body, but to give the ruling faction the power and authority to regulate and suppress Islamic ideologies. This is not to say that Kemal was anti-religion. Kemalism simply attempted to confine religious fervor to the private sector. The earliest and most drastic implementation of this principle was seen in the dissolution of the Sunni Caliphate. While separating the political authority of the sultan and the spiritual rule of the Caliphate caused Kemal to be heralded as a champion of Islam, such cheers of heroism would be

The first chapeter of the book is an introduction given by Mehmet Bulut. Main issues and arguments will start from the second chapter which has been written by Mehmet Bulut and titled: “The Importance of the Levant in the World Economy during the Early Modern Times”. In this chapter author mainly explains most important factors of the Turkish relations with European and Middle Eastern countries in the period of Ottoman reign. As author describes Ottoman Empire and European countries had close relation economically. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many merchants were active in the trade of both bulky good and luxury commodities. The Ottoman exports mostly consisted of raw materials for textile production and imports consisted of raw materials used in war and weapons from the Western Europe. Ottomans opened their markets to French, English, and Dutch merchant who were the most active in Europe. The most important were Levant and the Silk Route in the trade between the Asia and Europe. Silk Route started from China and India and continued till Europe, passing through Central Asia, Levant, and Anatolia.

As a direct consequence of liberalism proliferating throughout Europe, the ideology of foreign self-determination and nationalism became an integral component in European-Ottoman relations , as the latter was an entity comprised of myriad cultural and linguistic aggregates with the existence of socio-religious supremacy within the administrative hierarchy as opposed to regional representation. Due to the exposed nature of the Ottoman Empire’s infrastructural instability, the European ‘Great Powers’ were the recipients of extraordinary influence in regards to the governance and status of composite states within the Empire, a capacity frequently utilized when stability of the Middle East and Eastern Europe was politically tentative. The negotiations between European powers and the Ottoman Empire were not inherently bellicose, and occasionally resulted in outcomes perceived as beneficial by the Ottoman Empire (the Crimean War being an exemplary reference), though the notion that agreements consistently were of enhanced benefit to the European nations became progressively more transparent within the governing body of the Ottoman Empire; naturally, this results in the development of perpetual incredulity concerning all international diplomacy with the European powers, specifically the British Empire, the French Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Austrian Empire . The German Empire, established posterior to the influx of Central Balkan Wars of Nationalism, possessed reduced

In its last two centuries the Ottoman Empire suffered several crises from various aspects. The dissemination of nationalist ideas among its minorities, lost wars also territories, signing of treaties which added to the

It is on this legacy that Mustafa Kemal founded the Turkish Republic in 1923: a centralised secular nation-state. He built upon the secular institutions of the Tanzimat period and did away with the Islamic ones to foster modernisation (to which secularisation was seen as inseparable). From a process, secularisation turned into a project; one that would be implemented from above (Yilmaz, 2002:114). So secularism was adopted as one of the founding principles of the Turkish Republic. In this regard, it needs to be understood with reference to the other five, and particularly to statism, nationalism, and reformism. While Islam was held responsible for the collapse of the Ottoman empire, secularism would be key to modernising state and society and to “elevating the nation to the level of contemporary civilisation” (Shambayati and Kirdis, 2009:767). Reference to a civilising mission could hardly be made clearer. By making the state, but also society, secular, the Kemalist project also wants to create a new national identity. One that would not call upon ethnic or religious affiliation, but on a secular version of Turkishness. In a Weberian logic, it was assumed that by excluding Islam from the public sphere, its social significance would gradually erode (Fuat Keyman, 2007:219). Secularism therefore became the official ideology of the state and the identity of the state elite (Hakan Yavuz and Esposito, 2003:xxii).