RESEARCH OUTLINE:
You need to prepare a research outline. This should keep you focused and ensure all of the requirements are being met.
1. Introductory Paragraph: Define key words and phrases
What are surfactants? Surfactants are chemicals that reduce the surface tension between two liquids such as water and oil. It connects both polar and non-polar molecules. Surfactants contain both a water-loving head and oil-loving tail.
What do they do? – Surfactants lower the surface tension of a liquid. They change the properties of materials.
Examples: Sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, disodium lauryl sulfuccinate
They can be in 3 different groups:
- Lipophilic (loves oil)
- Hydrophilic (loves water)
- Hydrophobic (repels
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There are anionic surfactants, they are negatively charged. There are cationic surfactants which are positively charged. There are amphoteric surfactants which are both negative and positive, and there are non-ionic surfactants which have no charge.
Anionic – detergent, remove dirt and oil, foam.
Amphoteric – used in cleansing products which include ingredients such as cocamidopropyl betaine, cocoamphopionate, and sodium lauraminopropionate. Less irritating and can make formula thicker which is idea for creams. Mild and gentle on the skin
Nonionic – good foam enhancers.
Cationic – positively charged. Cationic surfactants are mainly used for conditioning products as they are electrostatically attracted to the negative side, which allows them to be rinsed
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- Surfactants can break down oils and water
They are able to work with water and oil.
Cleansing – the most common use of surfactants in cosmetics is for cleansing. This is because skin and hair obtain a large amount of dirt from the environment, which is known as solid particulates, and from hair follicles known as oily deposits, which stays there. Lipophilic substances (oil loving) attract the oily deposits. Surfactants are used to get rid of them. Through the use of aligning lipophilic and hydrophilic ends, it is able to take the lipids off the exterior.
Foaming – Surfactant solutions can foam, as the air in liquids are trapped in the surfactant molecules. Foam is often desirable among consumers for cosmetics, so it is a key feature of surfactants.
Emulsification –A lot of cosmetic products want to add oily materials to it in order to have the preferred effect on skin and hair. These ingredients usually can’t be applied directly because they have undesirable aesthetic characteristics in their concentrated form. For this reason, cosmetic chemists create emulsions using
It absorbs and reflects light, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which can cause products to worsen and lose their pigment. Talc, hydrous magnesium silicate (MgSlO4) is used as an absorbent, anti-caking agent. It improves the feel of the product and helps smooth or soften them. Metallic stearates (C17H35CO) also known as stearate salts are used for their moisturizing properties. They help keep the mixture of two or more liquids from separating into their oil and liquid components. The stearate salts increase the thickness of the liquid and reduces the transparent appearance of finished products. Lecithin (C42H82NO8P) or hydrogenated lecithin help cover the appearance of dry or damaged skin by reducing flaking and restoring flexibility. It also has skin-restoring abilities. Sulfosuccinate (C20H37NaO7S) helps the water solubility of other cosmetic ingredients. It also helps form the unblendable mixtures by reducing the surface tension of the substances, which is known as a cleansing agent. Ethoxylated alcohol (C26H50O10), functions as a surfactant and are used as cleansing agents. They clean the skin by helping water mix with oil and dirt so they can be washed away. It also acts as a skin conditioning agent. Bentonite (Al2O34SiO2H2O) has many purposes. It 's used for smoothing, polishing, or abrading other chemicals in the foundation. Helps hold together all of the ingredients. Acts as an absorbent. Increases the volume of a
Water (H2O) is a good solvent because it is partially polarized. The hydrogen ends of the water molecule have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen end of the molecule has a partial negative charge. This is because the oxygen atom holds on more tightly to the electrons it shares with the hydrogen atoms. The partial charges make it possible for water molecules to arrange themselves around charged atoms (ions) in solution, like the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions that dissociate when table salt dissolves in water.
Hence the boat conformer is able to dissolve in water but stabilizes soon and turns into the chair conformer making it non-polar and separating it from water.
As a result of the water molecule bond, each (hydrogen; oxygen) has a slightly negative charge and each (hydrogen; oxygen) has a slightly positive charge.
NaCl is ionic ,Crisco is polar,and Oil is nonpolar These substances are all different because they are not the same compound.Which means they will react different while testing. For example NaCl is the only one out of these three to be soluble in water.Crisco and Oil is not soluble in water.Oil is the liquid and it is nonpolar. This mean that it will only be soluble in in nonpolar substance.Crisco is between ionic and nonpolar that means it is polar.According to the powerpoint nonpolar substance will only dissolve in nonpolar liquids.
This is a desirable property for detergents because they are made up of fatty acids. They are made up of fatty acids containing lots of carbons, making it almost insoluble in water. Since they accumulate on the water's surface, they are referred to as surfactants. Surfactants assemble into micelles, which are amphiphilic. Micelles trap non-polar substances in the hydrophobic centre, and then solubilizes it. Detergent in water makes it easier to clean the object, and removable things that are water insoluble, such as dirt by using micelles. This would not be possible without fatty
| a. Hexane1Molecular Molarity: 86.18 g/molBoiling Point: 69 ºCMelting Point: -95ºCDensity: 0.659 g/mL at 25ºCWater Solubility: Insoluble in waterColor/Texture: Colorless/LiquidHazardous Information: May cause irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory system. May cause drowsiness and/or dizziness. Suspected of damaging fertility or unborn child. May cause damage to organs. Toxic to aquatic life. Highly flammable liquid and
Thousands of people utilize cosmetics with nanoparticles everyday. With various nanoparticle cosmetic products out on market, the introduction of nanoparticles to consumers evinces promising progress in climbing its way towards competing with parabens as a better option.
Pathogens on the surface are eliminated physically by disinfectants. The mode of operation comes in the form of chemicals, diluted or undiluted for cleaning and by heating; we have noticed this process used in the milk preservation through pasteurisation whereby milk is heated at a very high temperature to kill pathogens. The application of disinfectants varies widely in use for the different settings. For healthcare cleaning to control and keep out pathogens, ethanol is the number one choice used to disinfect and sanitise floors, operation surfaces and surfaces touched the most by people like doors and door closing aids. The liquid based disinfectant normally gets rid of bacteria if it is in the right dilutions or measurements. There are iodine and chlorine based disinfectants both targeting pathogens. The latter is generally used in water treatment and food hygiene and the former widely used for making surgical instruments to render them free from pathogens, thus sterilisation. Antimicrobial
These sulfates are used to obtain the foaming effect that most shampoos, skin cleansers and other cosmetic products produce. These sulfates are also used in detergents and other household cleaning products. Their wide use is dependent on that they are excellent at stripping oils and dirt from skin and hair; which explains their wide use in cosmetic and household cleaning products.
Skin treatment products are often sold next to the cosmetics, but in reality are not cosmetics themselves. Skin treatment products are created with the purpose to improve the natural condition of the skin rather than purely the aesthetic. Cleansers, astringents, toners, acne medications, sunscreen, and lotion all help the skin stay healthy and free from blemishes. In the past, it used to be that consumers
The term emulsifiers alludes to any ingredient that keeps disimilar to substances (such as oil and water) from isolating. Many cosmetic products depends on emulsions - small droplets of oil dispersed in water or small droplets of water dispersed in oil. Since oil and water don't mix no matter how much you shake, mix, emulsifiers are added to change the surface tension between the water and the oil, producing a homogeneous and well-mixed product with an even texture. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetics include polysorbates, and laureth-4.(Professor Ben Selinger,2016)
Know your skin sort. Knowing whether you have sleek, ordinary, dry, or even delicate skin will figure out what sort of item you ought to search for when purchasing a purifying item from your nearby store or drug store. The primary two classes of treatment are those with benzoyl peroxide and those with glycolic acid.
Creams are known to be divided into a few definition based on its function. One of the definition are describing a thick white or pale yellow fatty liquid that usually rises on the top of the milk if we left the milk undisturbed for a long time. Besides that it is also defined as a very thick liquid or soft substance that is rubbed into the skin to make it softer or as a medicament for the skin (Merriam Webster). Cream also exists in the form of facial cream, hair cream and in a lot of forms and serves different purposes and function. It is their specific ingredients that differs the creams available in the industry. The basic formulation of the cream is water, oil and emulsifying agent. Cream which are being formulated usually comprise of separating and non-separating cream. Separating creams are creams which will separate into oils and water when left for a certain time meanwhile the non-separating creams will ensure the formulation stays together in place. All these factors are the function of adding emulsifying agents. They are responsible in making the cream that will combine them together completely or for a certain period of time. Therefore a stable emulsion is the main key in making a good lotion (DIY Cosmetics). Some of the creams available in the market are cosmetic creams, grooming creams, food industry creams and also pharmaceuticals cream. Pharmaceutical creams
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses. Yet, it is unlikely that any bacteria are transferred to users of the soap, as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.