Outline Of A Literature Review

In 1969 it was discovered that the site was leaching due to a lack of a bottom liner. The landfill was leaching volatile organic compounds (VOC), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and explosive landfill gases (LFG).

The purpose of this meta-synthesis research was to synthesize a qualitative study performed to better understand the underlying reasons why only a fraction of cancer patients participate in cancer research trials. The attempt is to explore factors that influence participation in this type of study. Literature in the subject indicates poorly understood process of how patients are enrolled into clinical trials. This systematic review tries to improve the patient decision-making process in participating in cancer clinical trial and to provide Oncology nurses to treat patients with solid background utilizing evidence based practice (Biedrzycki, 2010).

The article, "PFOS found almost 31 times EPA's advisory level at Issaquah well", is about an incident that happened in Issaquah, WA where the wells in the city displayed a level high of perfluorooctane sulfonate. The displayed level of PFOS was extremely higher than the advisory level provided by the Enviornmental Protection Agency. The Monitoring Wells No. 6, 5 and 3 were all tested for PFOS, and the results for all three wells were higher than EPA's standards. The Eastside Fire and Rescue headquarters is believed to be the source of the PFOS because Monitoring Well No. 5 and 6 are located "about 500 feet downgradient" from the headquarters. The soil of Eastside Fire and Rescue have been sampled three times, and all three samples contained

Most on-base contamination was because of past disposal of hazardous waste due to their activities like maintenance of aircraft, tanks, and trucks, landfill operations etc that contributed to the contamination of soil and groundwater. The contaminants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like benzene, 1,2- dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, Chloromethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), total 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE), trans-1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride, spent oils, fuels, PCB, pesticides (44-DDD and 44-DDT), metals and herbicides.

As human recreational activity has increased over the years, the impact of that activity has created pollution from vehicles,

Over the past decade, particulate matter (PM) is increasing the air pollution at an exceeding

The Bloomington area has numerous locations of PCB contamination, Monroe County has declared three sites; Lemon Lane Landfill, Neal’s Landfill, and Bennett Stone Quarry. Although, there are many other sites including the Illinois Central/Quarry Springs, Winston-Thomas Sewage Treatment Plant and surrounding areas. These areas include where residents received PCB-contaminated sludge in their yards since they were being told it was “organic” sewage sludge from the Winston-Thomas Treatment Plant according to Linda Greene from the Bloomington Environmental Health Project (Greene, 1995). Officials determined that Bloomington will not be free from toxic industrial compounds for a minimum 30 years even with the great cleanup that has led to the abstraction of most of the ground-level contamination according to Sehvilla Mann from the Indiana Public Media 2013. As you can imagine there are many

In 1979, Paul and John Reardon purchased 16 acres of land located next to a manufacturing plant in Massachusetts. In 1983, a state environmental agency, responding to a citizen's report, tested soil samples from both properties and discovered extremely high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the plant site and on the Reardons' property where it bordered the site. Shortly thereafter, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cleaned up the contaminated areas. In 1985, the EPA notified the Reardons that they might be liable for clean-up costs. An EPA investigation of the property in 1987 revealed that some

According to the European Union’s Joint Research Center, soil contains nearly one third of all living organisms, but only about one percent have been identified. Another study in 2003 featured in the journal Ecosystems estimated that 5% of the United State’s soil biodiversity was “in danger of substantial loss, or complete extinction, due to agriculture and urbanization.” (Robbins) The damage comes from multiple sources. Paving or building over soil effectively blocks out the air, water, and light needed to have a functioning soil biome meaning that roads, cities, sidewalks, houses, and businesses have destroyed the soil beneath it. Agricultural practices remove organic material, decreasing food, and then allows fallowed land to become dry and exposed to the elements. Household, industrial, and agricultural toxins can also sterilize soil if not disposed of

In order to develop the local soil criteria for identifying soils that would result in Pb concentrations in agricultural produce over food quality standard, it is crucial to establish the links between Pb contamination in soils and foods (Zhang et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2018b). Numerous studies have investigated the Pb as well as other trace metals soil-plant relationships. For Pb, higher levels in foods such as vegetables often found where soil levels were relatively higher (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b). Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), with a linear uptake assumption were often used to link the soil-plant contamination levels. Despite of some successful attempts (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002), results overall were not consistent especially for Pb (Ding et al., 2016; Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b).

PCBs were both released into the water and soil. However, the surface water and sediment samples did not contain PCBs, they contained other metals and SVOCs. The soil located West of the refinery contained three times the magnitude of PCBs that were allowed.

Parc mine, a former Pb/Zn mine, is located in north Wales, and Bwlch Glas mine is located in central Wales. Both are assessed to determine the extent of pollution leaking from the mines. At Parc mine, the mine entrance is upstream of the sample area, with Fe – bearing water draining outwards. Downstream, a capped tailings dam dominates the landscape. 28 soil samples and 4 moss samples were collected, to determine the bioavailability of any metals or metalloids present. Soil samples represent surface soil to soil 40cm deep. The deeper samples penetrated into the tailings, whilst the shallower samples taken represented the topsoils. Some deeper samples could not be reached by sampling equipment due to the presence of quarry waste, used to isolate

These samples were collected at varies times of the year including, spring, summer, fall, and winter over twenty-three hours for five to seven days for the three megacities and the reference city. Samples for the background sites were collected over thirty to thirty-six hours on two occasions. A particulate sampler was used for PM2.5 and PM10 sampling (Zhang et al., 2016). After samples were collected they were stored at four degrees Celsius. Samples were then analyzed using certain

There are a variety of different sites that have been effectively treated using phytoextraction techniques. These include industrial and municipal landfills, agricultural fields, military bases, fuel storage tank farms, gas stations, army ammunition

Heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples taken from each of the six sampling sites are shown in Table 1. A clear gradient of element concentrations in the soils was observed among the study sites, especially for Cd. Metal concentration varied significantly among sample sites; Cd (H = 16.596, p = 0.005) had the highest significant differences among the sites, whereas Zn (H = 15.409, p = 0.009) had the lowest significant differences. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soils from S1, S2, and S3 (distances of 1–2 km from the industrial area) were 4–35 times, 7–27 times, 2–6 times, and 3–6 times higher than those from S4, S5, and S6 (distances of 4–10 km from the industrial area), respectively (U test, p ≤ 0.05). Cadmium concentration ranged from a low of 1.9 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 67.5 mg/kg (S1), Pb concentration ranged from a low of 6.0 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 160.2 mg/kg (S1), Cu concentration ranged from a low of 51.3 mg/kg (S4) to a high of 292.0 mg/kg (S1), and Zn concentration ranged from a low of 98.2 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 605.0 mg/kg (S2). Pollution zones with high metal concentrations in soil and biota are often found near industrial areas (Dudka et al. 1996). It should be noted that the predominant wind direction in our study area is northerly, resulting in comparatively high levels of soil contamination in areas south of the industrial complex. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the highly polluted sites exceeded the threshold values (3 mg/kg for