Outline The Function Of Proteins In Living Organisms

2. protein provide structure in every cell in our body- Proteins are present in all areas and processes of the cell. proteins hep maintain the cell keep its shape, and control the movement of particles in and out of the cell. It also help send signal and repair of damaged cells. Proteins control movement in the cell division.

Actin and Myosin proteins serve the primary role of producing muscle contraction. Myosin molecules will create pressure in the skeletal muscle, where ATP hydrolysis causes Myosin to bind to Actin. A conformational change of the molecule then result in Myosin being

Haemoglobin is formed into cells in the bone marrow that become red blood cells. The red pigment in red blood cells carries oxygen. That is called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the protein molecules in the red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs and to the body and tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues of the lung. Each structure of the haemoglobin protein is composed of four polypeptide subunits cases is considered as one of the ionic bonds. Each subunit is called the cofactor heme group that has iron. Iron is the most important factor that actually binds to the oxygen. Iron is also responsible for the red colour of blood. Although each haemoglobin molecule is capable of transporting four oxygens, it takes the cooperation of four subunits of molecular to efficiently transport of oxygen throughout the human body.

Haemoglobin is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (RBC). Its role in the body is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues and then returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The transportation of oxygen is only possible when haemoglobin (Hb) within the RBC binds to oxygen. (Martini & Nath, 2006)

Muscle proteins are very important to almost many living objects in the world, especially for animals we are at the mercy of protein and depend greatly on them. For this scientific experiment the protein that is studied is myosin; a key protein in the muscles. This protein is partially responsible for the reactionary response of “flight and freight” which helps many of us unlike many other proteins that undergo different variation; myosin is a primary structure that is stable for years because it is a one of the essential protein for the survival of all animals.

The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids, this linear sequence is called a polypeptide chain. Amino acids are held together by intramolecular covalent bonds which are called peptide bonds. Primary structures determine what the final 3 dimensional structure of that protein will be. [5]

Haemoglobin is a protein molecule in the red blood cell rich in iron. The major function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs. The haemoglobin and oxygen combination is called oxyhaemoglobin, Haemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced haemoglobin or deoxyhaemoglobin which has a high affinity for co2 (Marieb, 2014).for this reason oxygen is bind to the oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs and carried through the blood stream to the tissues. Oxygen is then released to myoglobin (a red protein containing haem that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells) which is further transported in to the mitochondria be used for aerobic respiration, in exchange the deoxyhemoglobin picks up 2 protons and 2 molecules and returns to the lungs where it is released through exhalation. (McDowall, 2005)

Genes is something every living organism has. Genes are found in the DNA, which is the center for information that gives instructions for what type of protein the cell is suppose to produce, it’s lifespan, maturity, and function. The gene is a subunit of DNA. It holds the instructions for what the proteins should be producing. Proteins are molecules that properly instruct the cells structure, function, and regulations of the body’s tissues and organs. Amino acids are what proteins are made of. They are connected to one another in long chains. There are a variety of different types of amino acids that can be put together to make a protein. Each different sequence of amino acids tells the proteins structure and function. Antibodies, enzymes, messengers, structural components, and transport or storage proteins are different examples of protein function. (“How Do Genes Direct the Production of Proteins?”, April 2015)

Proteins are involved in all biological processes, for instance enzymes(specific proteins), catalyze all chemical reactions that occur in all life forms, they also transport and store wide range of ions and small molecules as well as electrons. They play a role in the regulation of the expression of genetic information and their transcription of translation level in connection with the control of growth and differentiation of cells; they also among other important functions provide the mechanical support and filamentation architecture within and between cells consequently important to cellular contraction and coordination of motion (alan.j.cozzone, n.d).

When first discussing the protein itself we should understand the components of a protein by structure and function. Proteins are considered biological, organic polymers made of amino acids. Amino acids which are connected by peptide bonds to create a polypeptide chain. One or more polypeptide chains can become twined into a 3-D shape forming a protein. Proteins have many complex shapes that comprise of many loops, curves, and folds. Folding in proteins usually happens in a spontaneous manner. Chemical bonding consists of portions of the polypeptide chain holding the protein in one and giving it its shape. There are two general classes of protein molecules: globular proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins are usually soluble, spherical in shape, and compact. Fibrous proteins are mostly elongated and insoluble. Globular and fibrous proteins may display one or more of four types of protein structure. These structured orders are called primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The 4 levels of protein structure are distinguished from one another by the degree of complexity in the polypeptide chain. A single protein molecule may include one or more of the protein structure types. The primary structure is best described as the unique order in which amino acids are joined together to form a protein. Proteins are constructed from a set of twenty amino acids.

Protein is the basis of all organism activity and constitutes numerous essential materials such as enzymes, hormones and hemoglobin. It is a principal constituent of antibodies as it bolsters the immunity role of the body. It is the only material that produces nitrogen for maintaining acid and alkali balance, transforming genetic information and transporting essential materials in the human body. It can also supply energy due to its ability to produce heat. Insect bodies are rich in protein and the proportion are higher than that of most plants; the protein content of several insects is higher than that of commercial meat, poultry fowls and eggs. It is composed of more than 20 types of amino acids that benefit the human body; among which eight are necessary for human nutrition as they cannot be synthesized in the body (Jin 1987).

Proteins are found in all living beings. They are large molecules which are composed of folded amino acid chains. Every protein has its unique shape and functions based on its shape. Proteins are like keys that fit into certain shaped locks around the body. Proteins are required for speeding up biological processes, recognizing antibodies, providing substances, regulating physiological processes, regulating genes, transporting substances and responding to signals

The Protein Data Base is a web resource which summarizes experimental data about protein and molecular structure. It provides scientists everywhere with free, current, peer-reviewed information. Because of their size, proteins cannot be measured with rulers or calipers or other measuring devices with which we are

Skeletal Muscle Structure: skeletal muscles cells are like long fiber structures, That contain many nuclei and are subdivided into smaller structures that are called “myofibrils”. The “Myofibrils” are created of two kinds of “myofilaments”. Thin filaments are made of two strands of the protein-actin and one strand of a regulatory protein coiled with each other. Thick filaments are staggered arrays of “myosin molecules”. * Organization Units of skeletal muscle. Filaments are organized into structures called the “sarcomeres”. “Sarcomeres” are created in the following manners: * The Z lines are at the border of the “sarcomere”. They align in adjacent “myofibrils”. *The I bands are areas that are near the edges of the “sarcomere” containing only thin filament. * The A bands are regions where thick and thin filaments overlap each other and correspond to the length of the thick filament.* The H zones are the areas in the center of the A bands containing only thick filament. In vertebrates Cardiac Muscles: are only found in the heart. Muscles cells are branched, and the junctions between the cells contain intercalated discs that electrically connect all heart muscle cells with each other, allowing the co-ordinated actions. These cells can also create their own action potentials. In Smooth Muscles: There are no striations and contain less myosin; the myosin is not associated with specific actin strand.

Proteins (Y.Vincent, et al.) are present in every cell of the organisms. They are involved virtually almost in all cellular activities. They are responsible for the various metabolic activities, nutrition transportation, regulations and etc. They exist as single chain molecule, as a three dimensional structures or even in the bundle or complex forms. The protein plays a vital role in cellular processes. The protein consists of twenty amino acids. They possess different characteristics such as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, non-polar and etc. It is the great challenge to the bioinformatics that to find which combination of proteins are responsible for what kind of activities. The structure and function discovery of proteins in living organisms is vital role in understanding the background of various cellular processes. It is helpful in treating various diseases, in detecting the drugs to peculiar diseases.