Outline and Evaluate Research Into Privation

However, Rutter’s Romanian orphan study suggests that mothers are not special in the way Bolby believed. Infants displayed a range of attachment behaviour towards attachment figures other than their mothers and there isn’t any particular attachment behaviour that was exclusive to their mom. Schaffer and Emerson as well, found multiple attachments are the norm, in fact 39% of children had their main attachment to someone else than the main carer. These two findings undermine Bowlby’s theory.

The foster care is known to be the current system to manage social issues related to the child neglect and abuse. It grew out of a system being used by every class and due to certain economic conditions. The officials designated as considering poor had authority to indenture children from poor families than the providence of relief. Besides indenture by government officials, children were formally placed with other family to learn trade. The relationship indenture was based on expectations and economic aspects to provide formal education along with emotional and psychological needs. It appears logical that the system is required to attend the possible effects of foster care on children (Minnis, et al., 2001). Over the years, researchers outside the system have conducted different studies related to the foster care that provided mixed information. ===== concluded that the initial process of separation of children from their parents is considered as catastrophic or unpleasant. The initial parting is found to be dramatic and frightening for children being inappropriately prepared. Older children report their relief upon separation from their parents due to conflicts in home and they were often found to be sad. Such sort of experiences among children regardless

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was first introduced just over 20 years ago, with the publication of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In the DSM-IV. The disorder is defined by aberrant social behavior that appears in early childhood and is evident cross contextually(1994). The disorder describes aberrant social behaviors in young children that are believed to derive from being reared in caregiving environments lacking species-typical nurturance and stimulation, such as in instances such as maltreatment or institutional rearing. (First, M., & Tasman, A. 2010) . In cases of RAD two major types of abnormalities have been cited; these include an emotionally withdrawn/inhibited type and an indiscriminately social/disinhibited pattern (First, M., & Tasman, A. 2010).Conditions in in foreign orphanages and institutions such as, multiple caregivers, maltreatment, abuse, neglect, and others contribute to the inability for internationally adopted children to form secure attachments. All of these factors contribute to internationally adopted children being at a higher risk to develop attachment disorders such as RAD and other behavioral problems.

It can also result in permanent harm to the infants social and emotional development. The study conducted by Hodges and Tizard (1989) was of ex-institutional children. He aimed to see effects of children who had suffered early privation. He also wanted to test Bowlby’s Maternal deprivation (or privation) hypothesis.

Question #2: The reading also cites a study by Chisholm et al. (1995) that indicated that children who had lived in an orphanage at least 8 months had lower scores on attachment security measures than did children who were adopted before 4 months of age. [Full reference: Chisholm, K., Carter, M., Ames, E. W., & Morison, S. J. (1995). Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 283−294.] How might this finding be related to the development of separation anxiety and fear of strangers?

' (Haith, 2014b, p. 466) Although a secure attachment does not occur from birth, ‘babies show signs of attachment through smiling, eye contact and crying. ' (Brandon et al., 2015) This shows the child 's main caregiver needs to begin to bond with their child for them to form a secure attachment. Bowlby believed ‘caregivers who neglect their children, bring up avoidant children. ' (Larose, & Bernier, 2001, p. 96-120). ‘Ambivalent/resistant children show negative behaviours to gain attention from others. ' (Kobak et al., 1993, p. 231-245) These statements show children who have an insecure attachment with their caregiver have a risk in behaviour problems. They will also have a less chance of developing their social and emotional skills effectively.

Attachment is vital to development. John Bowlby (1988) states, “ Study after study attest that healthy, happy, and self reliant adolescents ad young adults are the products of stable homes in which both parents give a great deal of time and attention to children” (p.2). This statement has powerful implication for children and infants without parents who spend most, if not all of their young life in orphanages; more specifically orphanages where attention is minimal. In 1729 the first orphanage was established in the United States. In the 1800’s orphanages grew and in the mid 1800’s charitable groups established 56 institutions for children (Bremner, 1970, p. 5). Downs (1983) theorizes that these institutions were a way for the wealthy class

However, Belsky and Rovin argued that individual differences in attachment relate to both theories because different temperaments will present different challenges to the caregiver, a ‘slow to warm up’ baby would need more encouragement, which may influence the formation of a secure attachment.

The United Nations Convention Against Torture stated that torture is defined as “any state-sanctioned act ‘by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person’ for information, punishment, intimidation, or for reasons based on discrimination” (AFSC). Craig Haney, a social psychologist and psychology professor of University of California, interviewed a group of people in solitary confinement in 1993 at Pelican Bay State Prison (a supermax, Security Housing Unit (SHU)) where he was studying psychological effects of isolation on prisoners. 20 years later he went the same prison to do more interviews only to find the same prisoners there in the same condition (Goode). Haney found high rates of psychological trauma in long term solitary confinement where more than half of the studied prisoners had nightmares, heart palpitations, fear of impending nervous breakdowns, hallucinations, perceptual distortions, while a quarter of the prisoners had suicidal ideation (Rice). In ACLU prison, prisoners have gone as far as swallowing broken glass, amputating fingers, testicles, scrotum, earlobes, and one even amputated a finger and ate it in a bowl of ramen noodles (Katel). Dr. Haney describe what they were going through as, “They were grieving for their lost lives, for their loss connectedness to the social world and their families outside and also for their lost selves. Most of them really did understand that they had lost who they were, and weren’t sure of who they had become” (Goode). In other words, in solitary confinement prisoners experienced identity loss as they were completely isolated from human contact: One inmate who was in solitary confinement for 24 years explained, “I got a 15-minute phone call when my father died. I realized I have family

In the U.S. 397,122 children are living without permanent families in the foster care system, as of 2012, more than 58,000 children in the U.S. foster care system were placed in institutions or group homes, not in traditional foster homes (CCAI, 2012). Can these children developmental need be meet in institutions and enable children to make sucker attachments? The American Journal of Psychiatry’s article “A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care and Institutional Care for Children With Signs of Reactive Attachment Disorder” examines signs of emotionally withdrawn and indiscriminately social reactive attachment disorder in three groups of young Romanian children that were abandoned by their parents. The placement of children into an institution was made by Romanian child protective officials. The research group ensured that no child, once placed in foster care, through the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, would be returned to an institutional setting, either during or after the study (Smyke, 2012).

Two, it is imperative that we gather information by directly asking children who have spent time in isolation, their families, and the staff who put these children into solitary confinement the details and aftermath of their experiences. Bridging the brain science with experiential data can provide a more profound picture of the effects of solitary confinement on children. However, for the purposes of this Macro Project, the focus will solely rely on the available literature and how to apply what we known to help children not suffer from needless isolation. I recommend other studies conducted interviews with impacted children who can directly give voice to the terrors they experienced and the aftermath of these experiences. Additional interviews should include parents and families of children who experienced prolonged isolation, dialogues with staff who used solitary confinement as a management tool for youth in their facilities, and other involved

In his hypothesis, Bowlby believed in an infant 's failure to attach to a primary caregiver (1952). First, the terms "attachment" and "deprivation" will be defined. Following that, a full definition of the theory, and then an attempt will be made to describe and understand the studies and the Bowlby 's ideas describing the influences they generated. A full evaluation will be made of his deprivation hypothesis, including detailed criticisms of his theory (Bowlby, 1969). Finally, a conclusion will be drawn to show if Bowlby 's deprivation hypothesis could still retain credibility.

In this essay I will explore the meaning and purpose of attachment and discuss research into attachment concentrating on John Bowlby’s 1944 “44 thieves” study conducted to test his maternal deprivation theory and Schaffer & Emerson’s 1964 “ Glasgow babies” study.

By responding with care and comfort, this enables for an “attachment bond” to form between the infant and caregiver, most commonly the mother (White et al., 2013). Following on from Bowlby’s theory, Mary Ainsworth investigated the theory of attachment through observing the reactions of infants when their mothers left them alone with strangers. The investigation was named as the “Ainsworth’s strange situation assessment” (White et al., 2013). It was discovered through this investigation that infants who had secure attachments with their mothers were upset when separated and were easily soothed when the mother returns. This investigation implies that infants with secure attachment to their mothers show signs of normal social development.

The purposes of confinement were to provide our judicial system with a less stiff penalty than imprisonment. In the past, offenders were punished for their criminal roles within the community and sometimes they were confined or held against their will as a source of punishment. Their criminal involvement would not be heard nor were they given the pleasure of having a day in any courtroom setting. Therefore, these individuals were initially guilty without being criminally charged with a criminal act or due process of the law. Therefore, the nature of the crimes seemed extreme, excessive or unbearable to witness at times. Nevertheless, the primary purpose of confinement was to supply the offender with a means to restore their dignity in the public’s eyesight. In most cases, these criminals or offenders were threatened for their inadequacy to comply with the laws of the regulations within their society. Tese allegations were made they were publically humiliated or even forced to pay fees for their corruptive behavior. These strategies or as methods, which appeared as such harsh punishment, which is similar to the slavery mentality. I say this because these offenders got whipped for not abiding by these set guidelines. They were even encouraged by the same public officials to make changes to their religious practices, the ability to sell their assets, and enforce that they serve in community service programs that required them to work for free actively. Currently, these