Outline of a Literature Review on Labor Mobility

Migration policies are often designed with the sole objective of influencing international migration by either restricting or encouraging circular migration, immigration or emigration(Ripsman & Paul, 2010). Open border policies have contributed to the uncontrolled to the flow of illegal immigrants into countries and in turn generating challenges to the host countries. The fundamental basis for arguments has been whether open immigration policy or restricted immigration policy

The Great Migration was a massive movement of African Americans from the South to the North from 1863 to 1960. The largest spike in this migration occurred from about 1910 to 1920.

The Great Migration brought about a massive redistribution of the African American population throughout the United States. It transformed black ways of life, art, and institutions, as well as the demographics and cultures of many American cities.

Immigration is one of the most important issues that the United States faces and thus has misperceptions such as how immigration affects the workforce and economy, the size and composition of the immigrants, and the budgetary impact of unauthorized immigration. As of 2012, more than 40 million immigrants lived in the United States, the population accounting for about 13 percent of the total population of U.S. The same year showed that unauthorized immigrants were 11.7 million, accounting for 3.7 percent of all the people of the U.S and roughly 5.2 percent of the labor force. Most of the illegal immigrants are Latino who is primarily from Central America and Mexico. 46 percent of all the immigrants in the

The continuities of the migration from the south to the north. At this time about 500,000 african american southerners migrated to the north for better opportunities including better rights and industrial jobs,but there was some components that were negatively the same as the south side. As african americans they still faced oppression. This form of oppression consisted of discrimination and racial profiling. Sooner or later the neighborhoods the increased with african american population became known as the ghetto. One overall component that continued to happen was the lynching of african americans. Although this was illegal in the north,many people of the caucasian ethnicity did not like the fact that many african americans were overpopulating

People work very hard to provide the fresh produce that can be so easily purchased at the grocery store. This is explained in the articles: "The Migrant Experience" by Robin A. Fanslow and "Young Migrant Workers Toil in U.S. Fields" by Karen Fanning. In the 1930s, migrant workers had to go through some pretty rough times in order to support themselves. Today, migrant workers work extremely hard to support their families while, at the same time, sending their kids to school. However, the world in the 1930s was very different than it is today.

With the growth of industrialization in the second half of teh 19th century, many developing contries lacked teh workforcee to fill the positions opening up in the rapidly multipling factories. Therefore, they found teh solution in hiring laborers from other countriess, which are less devloped. Probably the most common reasons for labor migration are economic. The migrants were also enthusiastic about leaving their own contry since they were suffering form unemployment and poerty in their country of

“chain migration” developed. The act removed quotas, and sought to define Americans as more than just white, while also guaranteeing new citizens their rights. Responses to the act varied. While it supported immigration, many saw the act as an attempt to build support for the Democratic Party, as it would provide a greater voting population. By 1965, activists were able to successfully gain federal aid for Mexican Americans, as Mexican Americans were officially recognized as an ethnic group. Some Chicanos claimed not enough was being done, and persuaded activists to use violence as a form of protest.

During the twentieth century more than six million African Americans migrated from rural communities in the South to large cities in the North and West. One of the major causes of this widespread movement was for African Americans to escape the segregation policies known as the Jim Crow laws, racism, and to seek better civil and economic opportunities. They migrated to the northern and western big cities because employment agents in the North and Midwest began enticing African-American men and women to migrate north by offering to paying for their travel expenses. The high demand for workers, higher pay, better education and better housing options in the North sounded very appeasing to many African-Americans since their current living conditions in the south were horrendous, and millions obliged to what they hoped was “a journey into freedom”.

The global mobility of human resources between countries is a key driving force of the currently ongoing economic and regional development all over the world. It is indisputable that the immigration of international labour force would exert many positive and important impacts on the economic, cultural and social structure of both migrant-receiving and migrant-sending countries. Actually, the trend of temporary and permanent immigrants increasing in some western countries began to gain momentum in recent years. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD 2004) reports indicated that there were more than 1 million new immigrants in the United States in 2001 and 2002, increased by 25% from 2000; in some European countries

The “great migration” is a historical movement of approximately 1.3 million African Americans from the Southern to the Northern United States from 1910 to 1930, settling primarily in large industrialized cities such as New York, Cleveland and Chicago. A second wave of northward migration occurred from 1940 to 1970 and involved approximately 5 million African Americans. This historical movement provides an opportunity to explore differences in cognitive test performance in old age among the African-American community related to early life environment.

Growing up just outside of Detroit, Michigan, I witnessed one of the largest economic recessions in history in 2008 when the city had unemployment rates skyrocket and home values plunge. In a way, this economic recession served as a blessing in my life because seeing all the homeless and hungry people in the streets opened my eyes by showing me just how tough life could be. However, I had the exact opposition experience when I moved in North Carolina in 2011. Starting in 2011, Charlotte became one of the most prosperous cities in the country as many banking positions opened up downtown. With countless job opportunities for adults, housing prices began to rise as the economy of Charlotte strengthened.

While it may be true Mexican skills can be utilized to their fullest potential somewhere else, maybe even on a country with the same language, that country may not only be far away, but also harder to get to. They not only take into account where their skill will be better utilized, but also family reunification. As Massey explained the Economic of labor migration theory; where a decision is made by multiple family members rather than one. Immigrants many of the times seek family reunification. For example, if a person decides to immigrate to another country, it would be easier to seek the country where he has family assistance. If they have family members, or even members of their community on the US, rather than South America, it is more

This is a parliament paper, provided introduction of the temporary labour migration programs, as well as permanent skilled migration, also mentioned the recent reforms of these programs, this articles provides detailed information and history of these programs, government policies of the last ten years on this aspect.

In the Second Edition of Servants of Globalization: Migration and Domestic Work, Rhacel Parreñas examines all of the challenging aspects of the lives of migrant Filipino domestic workers. Throughout the interviews that are included in this novel, the author was able to analyze different cases filled with personal struggle and familial support using the perspectives of many determined women across the diaspora, mainly focusing on those to travel to work in Western Countries. In this paper, I will briefly summarize the first three chapters, bringing to light the most important aspects the Parreñas included. I will then discuss the methodology used in her convincing global ethnography, before I include both the advantages and disadvantages to