Ovarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer

I. Attention: There are a number of researches done about breast and ovarian cancer. Breast cancer is the second largest cause of death in women. Ovarian cancer is the fourth largest cause of death in women, but there isn’t a lot of attention brought to the public by the media. There needs to be more awareness about these types of cancers for better

Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are reproductive glands establish only in women. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs journey during the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg embeds and establish into a fetus. The ovaries are also the major cause of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is situated on each side of the uterus in the pelvis. Many types of tumors can generate rising in the ovaries. The majority of these are benign (noncancerous) and never multiply outside the ovary. Benign tumors can be treated effectively by removing either the ovary or the part of the ovary that contains the tumor. Ovarian tumors that are not benign or malignant (cancerous)

Due to the significance, of the hormones and organs involved in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis, removal of ones of these organs could have detrimental side-effects for the patient, however, the ovary is often removed for numerous reasons. Therefore, knowing the effects of removing the ovary could have significant clinical implications in patient management and care. Thus the information produced by this study could potentially improve the lives of ovarian cancer patients and provide valuable data to clinicians and researchers. However, the results or conclusions produced by this data could also benefit women that experience menopause as the ovaries are no longer receptive to gonadotrophic signals, producing no estrogen as a result

When people are in the process of getting treatments for ovarian cancer doctors recommend them to take clinical trials as an option.The purpose of this trial is to make sure that it’s safe,effective and better than the standard treatment.Doctors look for better way to treat this disease.All of the drugs that are approved by the FDA was tested in clinical trials.These trials help to learn more about the new drugs,new methods and new approaches to radiation and surgery.Anyone that does the trial will be the first to get a treatment before the public is able to.These is also no guarantee that the treatment will be safe,effective or better than the standard treatment.

Ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries and is listed as the fifth cause of death in women. Ovaries are the reproductive glands of only females and the main source of a female’s estrogen and progesterone. The ovaries are made up of 3 kinds of cells, which can also develop different types of tumors. Epithelial tumors start from the cell that covers the outer surface of the ovaries. Germ cell tumors start from the cells that produce the eggs. Stromal tumors start from the structural tissues that hold the ovary together and produce the female hormones (1).

About 12,820 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in America every year (5). This is out of the 1,685,210 people diagnosed with cancer every year. About 39.6% of the US population will contract cancer in their lifetime (10). With so many people affected by cancer, it is beneficial to understand how cancer works. However, cancer is a very complex disease that scientists are still trying to understand themselves. Moreover, cancer can be a very frightening disease because of its difficulty to treat, and its lethality. Understanding the pathology and history of cancer can be beneficial to help understand the inevitable cancer diagnosis of yourself or a loved one.

Cancer in the ovaries spreads quickly to other parts of the body and “is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance (Brachova).” The ovaries are composed of three different types of tissue: epithelia, germ, and stromal, with tumors being named for the kinds of cells the tumor started from and whether the tumor is benign or cancerous. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States in 2014 are about 21,980 new cases and about 14,270 deaths. A woman’s risk of getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 72 and about half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older (American Cancer Society).

Ovarian cancer is less common, with a projected 22, 440 new cases. However, it carries a much higher mortality rate.

Question #3 The National Ovarian Cancer Coalition (2012) stated that ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death related to cancer in women ages 35 to 74 and is estimated to occur in one out of 75 women during their lifetime (What is the general outlook for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer section, para. 1). Survival rate depends on which stage the cancer is in when it is diagnosed. If caught and treated early, survival rate is over 90% but if caught in or after stage III, the rate of survival can be 28%. (NOCC, 2012, What is the general outlook for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer section, para. 2)

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman’s cervix, which is the entrance to the uterus through the vagina. There are glandular cells lining the inside of the cervix and they produce mucus. The cervix is covered with a layer of skin-like cells on the other surface, called ‘ectocervix. These cells of the ectocervix and glandular cells can become cancerous, by malignant tumours from cells that are able to invade the surrounding tissue and organs causing serious damage to it, by abnormal cell growth and tumour in the area. The area of the cervix that is most likely to be prone to cancer, is the opening area of the cervix or space within the cervix called the ‘endocervical canal’. This area is the narrow passage way which gives

Cancer that begins in the ovaries is known as ovarian cancer. It affects 250,000 women world-wide each year, with 20,000 of these women living in the United States. Each year, 140,000 women die of the disease. In 2014, approximately 14,270 died from ovarian cancer in the United States, making it one of the most deadly cancers for women. If detected early, ovarian cancer is highly treatable; 94 percent of women who are diagnosed during stage one live at least five years after diagnosis.

The BRCA genes are tumor suppressor genes that inhibit tumor growth when functioning normally. When they mutate, they lose their tumor suppressor ability. This results in an increase for women to develop ovarian cancer. Risk factors a 1st degree family member, women who have never been pregnant, increasing age, high fat diet, increased number of ovulatory cycles, and infertility drugs. 90% of ovarian cancer are epithelial carcinomas that arise from malignant transformation of the surface epithelial cells. Germ cell tumors account for

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, which is the “lower, narrow end of the uterus.”2 This form of cancer occurs mostly in women who are older than thirty. The current estimate is 12,000 women in the U.S. who have cervical cancer and 4,000 deaths occur from it1. The main cause of cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through sexual intercourse. Although these statistics seem high, cervical cancer is a rare form of cancer. Historically, cervical cancer was known as the “leading cause of cancer death for women in the U.S.”3. The number of women effected and the number of deaths have significantly decreased over the past 40 years due to various interventions.

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women, accounting for almost one-third of invasive malignancies of the female genital organs, and has remained the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers (105). Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the most important mechanisms, seen in various cancers, resistant to chemotherapy drugs. Overexpression of the membrane efflux proteins has a major role in the occurrence of this mechanism (106). Several members of the multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) family, especially MRP1 and MRP2 are able to transport anticancer drugs out of the cells and present in many different types of tumors, and therefore assumed to cause MDR (107).

Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target should be disease-modifying and/or have a proven function in the pathophysiology of the disease. Target expression should not be uniformly distributed throughout the body. There should also be a