Ovarian Cancer Research Paper

2. Herzog, T. J., Armstrong, D. K., Brady, M. F., Coleman, R. L., Einstein, M. H., Monk, B. J., . . . Alvarez, R. D. (2014). Ovarian cancer clinical trial endpoints: Society of Gynecologic Oncology white paper. Gynecologic Oncology,132(1), 8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.11.008

This type of cancer can be in many parts near or around the cervix. Ovarian Epithelial cancer starts in the epithelial cover that protects the reproductive organs. This type is easily spread because this covering is in several parts of this area (American Cancer Society, 2017). Peritoneum cancer begins in the peritoneum and is passed to the ovaries and cervix. Fallopian tube cancer also begins in a distal part of the region but spreads to the surrounding areas. Some parts of the areas affected can be more easily removed than others.

Ovarian cancer is also one of the cancer that is affecting millions of women in today’s world. The previous researches were claiming that ovarian cancer comes from ovary cells. However, studies have found that ovarian cancer could be coming from fallopian tube. Dr. Burdette’s lab researched how fallopian tube can be contributing to ovarian cancer, and her research shows strong evidence of how does it occurs. It is very important to find a cure for ovarian cancer, otherwise deaths due to ovarian cancer will keep increasing. Also, ovarian cancer has potential higher risk of causing breast cancer. Curing ovarian cancer will stop it from damaging other tissues because the hormones released from ovaries can negatively impact cell proliferation

Scientists have long been studying ovarian cancer and potential therapies. This includes understanding how the tumor is able to survive despite our best efforts. It's

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are gene mutations long associated with high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Now, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have found new evidence that it might also predict treatment resistance in ovarian cancers.

There is still ongoing research that scientists are working on because the cause of ovarian cancer is not definite. Experts don't know precisely what causes ovarian cancer. Genetics, such as DNA changes, are a risk factor for some women. Some are understood to be caused by gene mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. The risk for women who have these gene changes is much greater than for women without them. Age, estrogen hormone replacement therapy, age when menstruation started and ended, and smoking are also thought to be risk factors.

Ovarian cancer is one of the leading cause feminine death. Ovarian cancer is cancer that is located in the female organ that produces eggs. Ovarian cancer is most likely to develop in the females that have lived half a century or more. Ovarian cancer cannot be discovered until it has reached the pelvis area in certain tests. Once it has actually reached the pelvis area, it is considered fatal and this is considered the last stage. There are three types of ovarian cancer: epithelial, stromal, and germ line cancer. Epithelial tumor occurs in the outside layer of the ovary, stromal tumor occurs in the ovarian tissue and germ cell tumor occurs in the egg producing cells. One of the possible causes for ovarian cancer is a known mutation in the

Also, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) increases the likelihood of the precancerous cells developing into cancer. This occurs because HIV weakens the immune system, and a woman with HIV is unable to fight off HPV and precancerous abnormalities (2). Scientists have also found that smokers are possibly twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Cigarettes release many chemicals that cause cancer (1). When a woman smokes a cigarette, these chemicals enter her bloodstream, and they are carried to all parts of the body. These chemicals are also believed to damage the DNA in cervical cells (2). Scientists are also examining the effects of Oral Contraceptives. No direct links have been found, but there is some statistical evidence showing that women that have taken Oral Contraceptives for over five years have a low risk of developing the cancer (2).

It has been stated that scientist believe that ovarian cancer points back to gene bcl-2, located on chromosome 18. “Bcl-2 is unique among the proto-oncogenes, as it is localized on the mitochondrial membranes and interferes with programmed cell death independently of its ability to promote cell division” (pathophysiology,2018). This shows that the protein that regulates cell growth also deals with cell aptosis. Cancer begins when a genetic mutation cell turns a normal cell into an abnormal cancer cell. Cancer cells multiply quickly and form mass tumors. Ovarian cancer can be in the form of a tumor or the cells can break off the tumor and spread to other parts of the body. This is found in the abdomen area and affects organs such as: intestines, liver, and stomach. There are three types of ovarian cancer. The first type is epithelial tumors. These are in the tissue surrounding the ovaries and 90% of ovarian cancers are epithelial tumors. The next type

Statistics reveal that 200,000+ cases of ovarian cancer are found and diagnosed yearly. Day after day, people talk about the existence of ovarian cancer and how it has and still is nega-tively impacting others. Ovarian cancer has been documented and researched 150+ years. The cancer begins in the female ovaries, which are the eggs that get fertilized during sexual reproduc-tion and produce hormones. The ovaries are located on both sides of the women's uterus. Through metastasis, the disease can spread from the uterus to the abdomen, even though the can-cer is mainly caused in the uterus. Reference.com states, “According to the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, in women between the ages of 35 and 74, the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related

” Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and deaths from cancer in women. It is the second-most common cause of female-specific cancer after breast cancer, accounting for around 8% of both total cancer cases and total cancer deaths in women and About 80% of cervical cancers occur in developing countries.” (www.uswow.com) Endometrial disease is the most common gynecological malignancy for the most part influencing ladies in the post-menopausal age bunch. Rates change overall and are most elevated in white ladies in Western populaces. Some danger variables are identified with proliferation, for example, early age at menarche, late age at menopause and null parity, while others are all the more specifically

Ovarian cancer has their own tumour marker for the cancer assessment. But, it should be done to women that within the family tree has suffered from this cancer. It is not advisable for women where the family history ambiguous with this cancer to use CA 125 as an assessment of ovarian cancer. Generally, women with ovary cancer have an elevation of CA 125 in their blood test. There are three types of ovarian cancer, the most common type, epithelial carcinoma, tumour in the ovarian cell that produce the ovum and tumour in the connective tissue that support the ovary. CA 125 usually used for epithelial carcinoma especially detection, the outcome of therapy and recurrence cancer. Despite that, AFP is elevated in women with germ cell

Today in the world there are many different types of reproductive cancers. A reproductive cancer I’m going to be writing about is Breast cancer. Yes, its Breast Cancer. According to American Cancer Society (2017) Breast cancer is “Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. The tumor is malignant (cancer) if the cells can grow into (invade)surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. Breast cancer occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get cancer too (pg.1). Although Breast cancer first start in the breast, it can also start from other places surrounding that tissue or area.

The risk of ovarian cancer are nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause,[5] hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity [16] About ten percent of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 50% chance of developing the disease. Combined oral contraceptive pills and breastfeeding are the factors that decrease risk.[17] The most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising more than 95% of cases, is epithelial ovarian carcinoma. There are five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of which high-grade serous is most common. These tumors are believed to start in the cells covering the ovaries .Less common types of ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors.[5] A diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery.[17] Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own

Invasions result in the destruction of healthy tissue among one’s central physique. Moreover, such invasive cells may even allow for the generation of capillary blood vessels from those that are existing as a source for their survival through the process of angiogenesis. The tissue and/or organ in which the tumor has derived from or originated allows for cancer classification and characterization. Derived from epithelial cells, carcinomas exist to be one of the most common forms of cancer that lead to mortality. For instance, the primary tumor that arises among the breast is also known as breast cancer, while metastatic cells derived from the female reproductive organ would be classified as gynecologic/ovarian cancer. Rather than by mere unfortunate chance, the metastasis of tumor cells is conceived by way of its growth environment and cell interactions. Among the most prevalent cancer incidences amidst women, these forbidding diseases arise typically on account of inherited genetic mutations [in BRCA1/BRCA2], as well as through the inevitable process of aging.