Ovarian Cancer What is Ovarian Cancer? Ovarian cancer is the abnormal growth of malignant cells

Malignant struma ovarii tumors are divided into three categories on the basis of histology. (17) The first papillary type is the most common characterized by overlapping nuclei or ground glass appearance. The second follicular type is characterized by vascular or capsular invasion (10). The third type is follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Metastasis is very rare in case of malignant struma ovarii (5%) which follows the pattern of ovarian tumor. It can metastasize to pelvic, para-aortic lymph nodes, direct spread to omentum and peritoneal cavity and hematologic spread to lung, bone, liver and brain (11, 12). There are a lot of difficulties in the clinical diagnosis of struma ovarii due to the absence of specific diagnostic criteria. The imaging studies used in diagnosing struma ovarii are ultrasonogram, CT and MRI. The findings on imaging studies are also nonspecific. Triple-contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis should be performed to evaluate the extent of disease and the involvement of lymph nodes and other adjacent structures (e.g., bowel). Typically, struma ovarii appear as a multicystic mass with no or moderate cystic wall enhancement. In addition to basic metabolic panel CA-125, CEA, CA19-9 tumor markers along with Iodine-125 uptake are performed preoperatively. CA-125 is found to be

Another study that was done on ultrasonography was to study the use of contrast agents for ovarian tumors for diagnostic purposes. Transvaginal ultrasound is the most effective method that is used to diagnosis ovarian tumors [2]. A study was done on 61 patients who were given Sonovue and an ultrasound was done either transabdominally or transvaginally, along with both

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that involves the reproductive glands females only, the ovaries. Ovaries contain 3 cells: surface epithelium, germ cells, and stromal cells. The surface epithelium are what cover the outer lining of the ovaries. Germ cells are cells that are bound to form eggs. Stromal cells are cells that release hormones and connects many different structures of the ovaries. Each of the cells can develop into different types of tumors. In most cases of ovarian cancer the epithelial tumors is the most commonly found in ovarian tumors. When being diagnosed with ovarian cancer the 3 main organs affected are the intestines, liver, and stomach.

A computed tomography scan provides more detail images than a chest x-ray by creating cross sectional images, this images can help identify enlarge organs or lymph nodes in the neck, chest, abdomen and chest (American Cancer Society). During this test the patient is lays on a flat table that moves in and out of a donut shaped scanner that takes images in different angles. Sometimes contrast medium may be used to highlight abnormal areas in the body. If contrast medium is used, it is the nurse’s responsibility to establish a patent IV, check for iodine allergies, check for kidney function due to contrast nephrotoxicity, check for delay allergies after the procedure, and advise the patient to drink plenty of fluids to eliminate contrast (Leeuwen, Anne 2015). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is only used when spread to the spinal cord and brain are suspected (American Cancer Society). Positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses an IV contrast called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), this contrast is a form of glucose, and because cancer cells reproduce quickly they need more glucose, which is why this contrast highlights the areas where abnormal cells are (Cancer Society). PET scans can be used to monitor how well patients are responding to treatment therapies, they can help identify areas of the body with lymphoma that may appear clear in other tests such as biopsies or CT scans allowing patients to

• A PET (positron emission tomography) scan may help to show cancer activity in some other parts of the body. This can be helpful for “staging” the cancer (see

Cervical cancer is a tumor of the cervix. The cervix is the part of the womb, which projects into the vagina. It measures less than one inch across and about one and a half inches in length. It is a block of a special type of muscle covered by a thin layer of surface cells. Cancer of the cervix develops in these surface cells, which first start to grow in an abnormal way (precancerous cells).

According to lead nurse Carolyn Rooth, the majority of ovarian malignancies (approximately 50-60%) are serous carcinomas with epithelial origins (S24). Benign epithelial ovarian tumors do not spread and for the most part do not lead to serious illness. LMP or low malignant potential tumors can be viewed under the microscope can show that they are not cancerous. These borderline cancers are unlike typical ovarian cancers because they do not branch out into the ovarian stroma, also known as supporting tissues (Wolfe). Epithelial tumors that are known to be cancerous are malignant tumors.

The last imaging method I will talk about is the positron emission tomography or PET scan. A PET scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body. This scan does in fact use radioactive tracers in the special dye that they inject into the veins in your arm. Your doctor may want to do a PET scan to check blood flow, oxygen intake, and metabolism. They can also detect cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders. Unlike a CT, or MRI a PET scan can show the problems at a cellular level. This gives the best view for diseases like brain tumors, seizures, and memory disorders. Whenever the scan detects cancer it can show how the cancer metabolizes, whether its spread, or has moved to new areas. The PET scan can also show if the tumor is responding to chemo or not (Krans, Brian).

For many diseases, nuclear medicine scans yield the most useful information needed to make a diagnosis or to determine appropriate treatment, if any.

If you’ve never heard of a PET-CT scanner, you’re not alone. PET-CT scanners are integrated scanning devices that combine images from a positron emission tomography (PET) scan with a computed tomography (CT) scan. When the scans are performed at the same time and with the same machine, they produce detailed pictures of tissues and organs that also reveal any abnormal activity. With a PET-CT scan, doctors can identify cancers and determine their stage.

The main treatments dedicated to treat ovarian cancer are: surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. All of the treatments that a patient receives, purely depends on their individual health. Often doctors will perform two or even more different types of treatment on one patient. Surgery is the most common treatment option. Although every surgery is different. Depending on your health, a doctor has to determine exactly how much surgery a patient needs. For example, for patients who are younger, it is actually possible to treat their cancer without having to remove both the ovaries and the uterus. Treatment also depends on the patients cancer stage. For patients with epithelial cancer, there are two main goals. The goals are staging and debulking. Another treatment option are different forms of therapy. Chemotherapy is one example. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that includes drugs which are given in such a way that allows the drugs to enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body. This type of treatment is very helpful for cancers that have spread. Targeted therapy is another form of therapy. This is a newer form of treatment that uses drugs to identify and attack cancer cells while doing the very minimal damage to the healthy cells. It is mainly used to attack the part of the cancer cells that makes them abnormal. Other therapies include hormone

Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer are two of a fatal diseases that occur among woman. Infect Ovarian cancer is more fatal than endometrial cancer and accounts for almost half of the gynecologic cancer mortality in the world. Therefore there needs to be a careful analysis of the contributing factors which increase the risk of these diseases.

Ovarian growth is a tumor that starts in the ovaries. Ovaries are regenerative organs construct up just in women. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for spread. During the egg task in the Fallopian tube into the uterus wherever the fertilized egg embeds and found into a fetus. The ovaries are similarly the real source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Both sides of the uterus on One ovary is given in the pelvis. The ovaries are female reproductive organs situated in the pelvis, approximately the size of an almond. These female reproductive organs are responsible for releasing eggs and producing female hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Various sorts of tumors can make ascending in the ovaries. The larger part of these are

The word cancer is scary. All cancers take their toll but ovarian cancer by itself is very deadly among cancers in women. The ovarian cancer is a silent killer because the symptoms are often vague ones like, gaseousness indigestion/bloating sensation or a frequent need to pass urine so a patient often presents in an advanced stage to the doctor.

it is really a real serious disease that can lead to death “Ovarian cancer accounts for 4000 deaths a year in England and Wales, about 6% of all cancer deaths in women” (Cooper et al. S70). The comparison with other types of cancers shows that the treatment or the survival rates of ovarian cancer haven’t improved since 1980s “Compared with many other common cancers, survival from ovarian cancer did not improve greatly during the 1980s (Coleman et al, 1999)” (Cooper et al. S72). It is a worldwide disease but more found in Europe and North America “The incidence of ovarian cancer varies widely around the world, with the highest rates in the developed countries of Europe and North America, and the lowest in Africa and Asia (Parkin et al, 2002)” (Cooper et al. S70). Some researches have shown that women who live in deprived areas have low chances for surviving “Women living in more deprived areas who were diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the late 1980s had lower survival than more affluent women at both 1 and 5 years after diagnosis (Cooper et al.