Overdose of Hypnotic Essay

Sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines, are a group of drugs used to treat the symptoms of anxiety, panic disorders, and insomnia.

One example of a type of benzodiazepine is alprazolam. Alprazolam is a scientifically proven effective benzodiazepine for generalized anxiety disorders and panic disorders (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). It is short acting and highly potent, with an elimination half-life of 6.3 to 26.9 hours (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Due to its short elimination half-life, a prevalent issue found with alprazolam is that high levels of anxiety occur abruptly after discontinuing the drug (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). It belongs in the triazolo subgroup of benzodiazepines, as it has a triazolo ring at the 1,2 position, and a carbon chain attached to it (Maddison, Page, & Church , 2008). The triazolo ring is a five-membered ring made up of three nitrogen and two carbon atoms. There are also two double bonds present.

Benzodiazepine is among the class of an Antianxiety agent used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety and insomnia. It is suitable for intermittent or short-term use. On the other hand, Benzodiazepines may produce tolerance with long-term use and have the potential for psychological or physical dependence. Furthermore, if a person is dependent on a benzodiazepine it is imperative or crucial that they do not quite the therapy abruptly of taking benzodiazepine. This is because the withdrawal symptoms of Benzodiazepine may include trouble sleeping, feelings of depression and sweating. Moreover, it can result in a life-threatening situation, tremors, and even muscle cramps. Nonetheless, according to David’s Drug “Benzodiazepine is one

Benzodiazepine is agonists to enhance GABAergic transmission. When benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor, they increase the frequency for chlorine channel to open when GABA binds to its own site on this receptor. This results in an increase in the concentration of chloride ions in the post-synaptic neuron and immediately hyperpolarizing the neuron. A consequence of the increase of GABA's inhibitory activity caused by benzodiazepines, the brain's output of excitatory neurotransmitters is reduced.

Every year it seems that we are inundated with different medications. Something else new that will help treat a varying array of mental health problems. Medications such as; Xanax, Librium, Klonopin, and even Valium are all common and in many cases well known. Yet while each one of those medications has a different brand name, they are all in fact all Benzodiazepines. These medications share many of the same positive and negative side effects. Now it should be noted that all of these medications have undergone rigorous testing and have been approved for the use of treatment. The medications listed, are primarily used to treat anxiety. There are other uses such as helping people sleep and a few off label other uses too. Benzodiazepines or Benzos

assessing patients at regular intervals. Evaluation intervals as frequent as every 10 to 15 minutes are appropriate for patients with severe symptoms; an interval of four to six hours is reasonable for stable patients with mild symptoms. For acute withdrawal, we give diazepam 5 to 10 mg IV (or chlordiazepoxide 25 to 100 mg orally) for any score of 8 or greater on the CIWA-Ar. (See 'Symptom-triggered therapy' above.

Benzodiazepines were first created in 1960 by Hoffmann-La Roche. Today they are very helpful for a variety of mental health problems such as anxiety and sleep disorders, muscle relaxation, and the prevention of seizures. However, over the last decade there have been further developments in our knowledge of the risks and benefits of these drugs. The Psychopharmacology Special Interest Group of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the British Association for Psychopharmacology together examined these developments, and then provided their recommendations for clinical practice. Together they said that while benzodiazepines have many beneficial effects, the potential for dependence or harmful effects must be considered as well (Baldwin D.S., Aitchison K.,

Alprazolam is also classified as a benzodiazepine that helps facilitate sleep by producing a calming effect that helps in muscle relaxation and motor coordination. The drug also affects the Central Nervous System and the limbic and subcortical levels of the brain. The drug binds to specific receptors at several different sites in the brain. An anti-anxiety effect is produced by the drug increasing the force of the neurotransmitter Gamma-aminobutyric acid on its receptor which enhances inhibition and blocks the stimulation of the limbic and cortical portions of the brain. The effects of the drugs range from mild cognitive change to complete mood changer depending on the how high or low of the dose the patient is taking (“DrugBank: Alprazolam”,

The standard dose for patients with narcolepsy is 150-250 mg daily. Elderly patients and those with impaired liver functions also require lower doses. There is a less serious case of an overdose in Armodafinil but you should avoid taking more than 250 mg in 24 hours.

No one patient is the same, and it becomes the nurse’s responsibility to act as a patient advocate. Working with a geriatric woman made me realize the significance that mere presence can play in a patient’s life. After all, nurses have the ability to be remembered long after a patient has left their care, and it is for this reason that patient and family centered care is of utmost importance. Care is based on continuous health relationships, and customized according to the patient’s needs and values (Finkelman & Kenner, 2016, p. 272). In order to make both the patient and their family feel open to communication and to instill trust in our decisions as healthcare providers, compassion and kindness must be key factors in the care of each and every patient. The patient should be the source of

Benzodiazepines (BZD) represents an important class of compounds of a wide range of pharmacological effects and therapeutic uses. This project discusses the classification, mechanism of action, major pharmacological effects and adverse reactions of BZD. It also reports on the chemical synthesis and important physicochemical properties of BZD. The influence of the chemical structure’s modification of BZD upon drug's potency, physicochemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism were elucidated. A problem of drug abuse of BZD either alone or in combination with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants was reviewed. Forensic analysis of BZD in biological samples for screening and confirmation of BZD abusers in forensic

Zopiclone acts much in the same way as benzodiazepines when used to treat insomnia, but was believed to have less adverse effects, and less potential for developing tolerance and addiction. As a result, it was first marketed as a better alternative to benzodiazepines. However, recent studies have revealed that it is unclear whether zopiclone shows improvements over benzodiazepines when assessed on therapeutic qualities and addiction potential (5, page 1). As a result, both zopiclone and benzodiazepines are included in schedule IV of the United States Controlled Substances Act (6).

The most important point of nursing is caring for patients. It is equally important to apply customer service skills with taking care of sick patients. It is a demanding job that one should not take lightly. As nurses, we must communicate with staff, family, and medical doctors in overseeing the patients. When the family of a patient comes to the nurse at the same time, such situations can be very challenging to deal with. I saw many nurses have to deal with this type of situation on almost on a daily basis. I noticed that it could happen on any shift, at any time. Some would think that at night the nurses do not have to deal with family as much, but these situations may arise then as well. Professionalism plays a key role in how a nurse interacts with patients and their families.

Action mechanism of Alprazolam is binding to the benzodiazepine binding site on the chloride channel of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is an inhibitory

It is imperative that family members be involved as part of the interdisciplinary team for the health and well-being of their loved-one. Research has shown that the family is the primary source of support and care for the patient (Pettoello-Mantovani, Campanozzi, Maiuri & Giardino, 2009). According to O’Malley, Brown, Krug and the Committee of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (2008), having the family as part of the medical team allows the patient to feel more comfortable and at ease despite the challenges of the environment that they may face. Family-Centered Care is the integration and collaboration of the patient, family and the health care team working as a whole (Pediatrics, 2012). There are many important key factors that play a role in the collaboration between the medical professionals and the family system. In order to understand family-centered care we must identify the key principles that create the family-centered care philosophy. When these concepts have been established the next step is to focus on the potential obstacles that may arise in providing this care. In conjunction with the obstacles that may arise we must understand how personal values and beliefs may also impact the provision and implementation of family-centered care.