Overproduitary Adenomas Research Paper

Another diagnostic method to diagnose adrenal tumors is cortisol saliva testing. In this test, the amount of cortisol in the saliva at or near midnight is normally very low. Multiple repeats of the test to confirm elevated cortisol levels can diagnose Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is excess cortisol levels, possibly due to the body secreting too much

The difference lies in that acromegaly affects adults whereas gigantism primarily affects children. Both conditions arise from complications on the pituitary so they possess shared symptoms. Some symptoms associated with Gigantism are problems with menstruation, thickening of the skin on the palms and feet, fatigue, repeated headaches, slight vision loss, oily skin, acne, deepening of the voice, aches in joints or articulations, excess sweating, and carpal tunnel syndrome (Lahore, 2015). Weakness and deafness are also symptoms exclusive to gigantism. There are notable changes in facial features, which include enlarged forehead and a pronounced under bite. Distal fingers and toes are widened creating “paddle” toes. Arthritis, or pain in the joints, is also common. The elongated limbs place a lot of stress on the articulations involved. MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging is used to scan the size and location of the child’s tumor on the pituitary. Additionally, several blood tests can provide a diagnosis. Above average levels of the hormone prolactin or the insulin-growth factor-1 can point to gigantism (Wisse,

“The pituitary adenoma itself may put pressure on the remaining normal part of the pituitary gland and limit or destroy its ability to produce hormones appropriately” (Stewart & Vance). With the increase in tumor pressure the patient may experience nausea and vomiting. The pituitary adenoma may cause body hair loss, sexual dysfunction, increase frequency and increase amount of urination. The pituitary adenoma is growth hormone secreting tumor causing the hands and feet to enlarge (www.mayoclinic.org). A growth hormone adenoma is the reason for the unexplained weight gain and the change in shoe size from 10 to 12.

Pituicytomas are rare, non-adenomatous tumors arising from the neurohypophysis that are classically comprised of banal spindle cells arranged in short fascicles or in a storiform pattern. More recently, pituicytomas have been found to express thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a unifying feature of uncommon tumors arising from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that also include spindle cell oncocytoma and granular cell tumor of the sellar region. We describe a unique example of a twice recurrent pituicytoma received in consultation which exhibited an array of uncommon histomorphologic features. A recurrent heterogeneously enhancing 3 x 2 x 2 cm sellar tumor was transsphenoidally resected from a 68-year old male, status post two

Pheochromocytoma is an adrenal gland tissue tumor. (PubMed) This growth is a result of excessive release of catecholamine’s (hormones). Norepinephrine and epinephrine are the primary hormones secreted while some can produce dopamine. (Medscape) These increased chemicals in the body can influence the persons “heart rate, blood pressure and metabolism”. (PubMed) If not treated these tumors affect the cardiovascular system and can lead to the development of “life threatening hypertension”. (Medscape) These tumors can be seen as a single mass or multiple tumors and can appear unilateral or bilateral in the body. (PubMed) Thirty percent of pheochromocytoma cases are found to be heredity where ten genes have been linked to the condition. Ten percent of pheochromocytomas are malignant and the most common sites of metastasis include “liver, bone and lymph nodes”. (Medscape)

Tumors in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands can also cause acromegaly in few people. These tumors are from non-pituitary origin which sometimes secrete GH. In some cases, the tumors produce a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) which stimulates the pituitary to make more

A pituitary tumor can cause loss of vision in one or both eyes depending on its size and shape. The pituitary gland sits in the pituitary sella, which is almost directly behind the eye. If the pituitary tumor gets large enough and grows laterally, it can push against the optic nerve and stop the message for getting to the cerebral cortex. An individual with a pituitary tumor will first notice notice dark, blurry, or dim vision. Sometimes it will only affect vision on one side, when it affects both sides of vision, it's pressing against the optic chiasm.

The aim of the treatment is to remove the tumor without damaging the tissues around the tumor.Treatment may include liver resection, radiation and medication.The treatment for malignant tumor is liver resection,chemotherapy

Today, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma has been made simple by significant developments in the assays that are used to both detect and quantify catecholamine levels in the blood and urine.

Acromegaly is a rare disease mainly caused by pituitary adenomas resulting in the hypersecretion of growth hormone. Most individuals develop skeletal, tissue and organ growth abnormalities. The severity and onset of symptoms are dependent on how long the disease has been manifesting. Often, acromegaly is undetected or misdiagnosed until the later stage of the disease since the symptoms are subtle and gradually appear. Diagnostic tests can be used to confirm the prediction of acromegaly. Elevated growth hormone and insulin like growth factor 1 levels in the blood are the key indicators of confirming acromegaly. Currently, there are three treatment options for patients: surgery, radiation and medication; the former is the method of

Adrenocortical carcinomas are malignant neoplasms originating from the epithelial cells of the adrenal gland. They can be hormone producing or non-functioning

When the prolactin level is elevated, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head is required. This imaging helps in visualising any abnormality in the hypothalamus or pituitary

The cause of the excessive amount of growth hormone found in acromegaly is due to a tumor on the pituitary gland. The increase in growth hormone leads the enlargement of organs and bones in the hands, feet, jaw and cheeks. An interesting fact about acromegaly is that although some organs are enlarged two times the normal volume, the brain of an individual with acromegaly has a normal size brain. Although the skull becomes thicker the size of the cavity remains the same size as a regular person. Since there is not space for the brain to grow it remains the same and its function is not affected.

Clinically, pituitary adenomas present with a classic semiologic triad related to hypersecretion, hypopituitarism, mass effect (headache, visual disturbances, and hydrocephalus) or as incidentalomas discovered during neuroimaging for the management of other disorders; occasionally pituitary apoplexy, or rarely as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea3.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the results of a consecutive series of patients undergoing pituitary surgery using a pure endoscopic endonasal approach and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this procedure.